UNDERSTANDING

CULTURE, SOCIETY
AND POLITICS
React to the following statements

1. “No man is an island.”

2. “Man is a mirror, a reflection of the
culture and society to which he belongs”.
3. “Whenever and wherever man lives with
other men, there will always be politics.”
Journey to Man’s
Nature and Self-
Identity
Man’s Nature and Identity
 Man as a Biological Being
Man inhabit the earth since time immemorial
together with other human beings, living or non-
living things.
a later scientific theory on man as a biological
being is the Synthetic Theory or Neo-Darwinism, this
theory postulates that human biological evolution
proceeds principally as a result of the interaction
between the indispensable processes of mutation,
genetic recombination changes in the
chromosome number and structure, natural
selection and reproductive isolation.
Man as a Biological Being
 There is noticeable similarity and likeness in the physical
or physiological characteristics of man with those of the
brute animals.
--Man’s biological features are far more complex and
developed like his large brain as the set of intelligence;
--his highly developed vocal apparatus for symbolic
speech;
--erect posture which allows the freedom of his arms,
hands, and opposable thumbs and fingers for manipulative
and creative endeavors.
His high intelligence , language and culture set him
distinctly apart from the brutes and to have domination on
the earth’s surface.
Man as a Rational being
 Man’s thinking and rational capability spring out of his
mental and intellectual endownment– his highly
developed nervous system with its large brain.
the nervous system is capable of generating ideas,
terms, motives, needs, interests, wants, beliefs, feelings,
reasoning, propositions, opinions, knowledge, wisdom, arts,
morals, values, and other abstractions.
it also enables him to develop diverse intellectual
capabilities and mental processes such as memory, recall,
comprehension, understanding, perceptions, comparisons,
and differentiations.
Man as a Rational being
 Most of all, it enables him to develop and apply his
higher level psychological processes such as
reasoning both inductive and deductive,
formulation of conclusions and generalizations,
reflection, synthesizing, analytical thinking, critical
thinking, problem solving, evaluative thinking,
decision making, inferring and theorizing, and
creative thinking.
the science of human behavior posits that man is
endowed with body receptors or sense of organs to
receive sense impressions and stimulations of
environment.
Man as a Social being
 Man associates and interacts with other social beings in
different social settings in order to satisfy his varied needs.
thus how and why he behaves in a certain way is greatly
influence by the norms, values, ethics, expectations,
prescriptions and proscriptions of the social group to which he
belongs.
these diverse social groups in the form of continuum start
with his family, then with his friends and playgroups, the
neighborhood, the school group, kinship groups, the work
groups, formal and informal groups and organizations, the
larger community group, the national group, and the global
community.
Man as a Social being
 Man is a social and gregarious being, he is always in the
company of others, and never in isolation from birth to
death.
 Through association and interactions with one another,
man forms different social groups and organizations,
both formal and informal.
 Societies are born as human beings bound together on
the basis of certain criteria such as “consciousness of
kind” common culture, group loyalty, color of skin or
race, nationality, creed or religious affiliation, political
ideology, dialect or language, regional identity,
profession, occupation, village or community type,
residence or domicile, social class and the like.
Man as a Cultural being
 Man manifest the cultural behavior of his particular social
group. He acquires the ideas, beliefs, knowledge, values,
folkways, morals, duties and taboos, customs, traditions, and
sanctions of the society through socialization, imitation,
enculturation, acculturation, education, training,
experiences, and living together as member of the group.
Through language, both verbal and non-verbal, orally or in
gestures or written symbols, man transmits these cultural
behaviors from one group to another.
 As a cultural being, man seeks gratification of his
biological, psychological, social, emotional, and spiritual
needs through the opportunities available in the society
and the cultural behaviors at his disposal.
Man as a Cultural being

 Through these cultural behaviors , man can control and

harness the harsh forces of nature to conform to his
biddings and make life more bearable and satisfying.
 Man has evolved and transformed from the savage
primitive calling to a civilized and culturally-refined
modern human being.
Man as a Political Being
 Although by nature man loves and seeks freedom,
he is cognizant of the fact that unrestrained and
unbridled freedom results to anarchy and conflict.
 Man discovered that in association with other
people, his freedom is not absolute. His freedom is
restrained by some agreed-upon rules, regulations,
laws, conventions, norms and sanctions to regulate
social and political relationships and to maintain
order and harmony.
Man as a Political Being
 As a political being, man acquires certain political
status and corresponding political role in a political
power relation such as being a company president or
janitor, an employer or an employee, a teacher or a
student, a policeman or an erring driver, a master or
an slave, etc.
 As long as there there is some sort of social
organizations, inequality, conflict of interest, and
the exercise of authority, influence and control,
then politics will be at work.
Man as a being of Divine Creation
 Man as a being of Divine Creation is perceived to be
a spiritual being in a physical body. The philosophical
foundation of such a belief is found in religious
writings such as the bible, the Koran or the ancient
Torah and in other religious writings.
 Thisbelief that a soul or spirit dwells in a human
being is also embraced by theists all over the
world as shown in the belief in reincarnation where
upon the death of a person his soul transfers to
another being– a human being or a lower form of
animal.
 Summary
 This lesson presents man as a multi-faceted being. It discusses
man’s nature and identity…
As a biological being, man has a similarity on the physical
and physiological characteristics like those of the brutes.
However, has highly developed brain and culture placed him
on top of the hierarchy of animal kingdom. As a rational being,
he is capable of psychic mental processes such as reasoning
and other higher level of thinking processes. As a social being,
he associates and interacts with other for his survival and
happiness; as a cultural being, he manifests cultural behaviors
and ways of living as means of adaptation to his environment;
 Summary

as a political being ,man is power seeking being in the

politics of life, and as an spiritual being, man believes that
a soul or spirit dwells in his physical body.
Anthropology, Sociology and
Political Science
What is Anthropology?
 Anthropology
 Anthropology is the scientific study of humans and
human behavior and societies in the past and present.
 Anthropology is the study of people throughout the
world, their evolutionary history, how they behave,
adapt to different environments, communicate and
socialize with one another. The study of anthropology is
concerned both with the biological features that make
us human (such as physiology, genetic makeup,
nutritional history and evolution) and with social aspects
(such as language, culture, politics, family and religion).
Four Branches of Anthropology
 Archaeology
Archaeology examines peoples and cultures of the past.
 Biological Anthropology
Biological anthropology specializes in evolution, genetics, and
health.
 Cultural Anthropology
Cultural anthropology studies human societies and elements
of cultural life.
 Linguistic Anthropology
Linguistic anthropology is a concentration of cultural
anthropology that focuses on language in society.
What is sociology?
 Sociology

 Sociology is the study of society, patterns of social

relationships, social interaction and culture of everyday
life. It is a social science that uses various methods of
empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a
body of knowledge about social order, acceptance,
and change or social evolution.
 It studies society and social behavior by focusing on
cultures, organizations, groups and other social
institutions.
What is Political Science?
 Political Science
 Political science is a social science which deals with systems of
governance, and the analysis of political activities, political
thoughts, and political behavior. It deals extensively with the
theory and practice of politics which is commonly thought of
as determining of the distribution of power and resources.
 POLITICS AS A SCIENCE
 Science is commonly defined as the knowledge derived
from experiment and observation systematically done.
Policy making and government decision should be done
through proper research, social investigation, analysis,
innovation, planning, execution and evaluation.
Culture, its Nature
and Dynamics
Culture
 Consists of beliefs, behaviors, objects and other characteristic
common to the member of a particular group or society.
Through culture, people and groups define themselves,
conform to society’s shared values, and contribute to society.
 Culture is a word for the 'way of life' of groups of people,
meaning the way they do things
 Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular
group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine,
social habits, music and arts.
Other definition of culture
Edward Taylor
 Complex whole which
includes knowledge, beliefs,
arts, law, moral, custom, and
any other capabilities and
habits acquired by man as a
member of society.
Clark (1988)

 Refers to culture as that which comprises

all objects, ideas, beliefs, norms of a group
of people, and the meaning that the
group applies to each culture element.
Culture as Material and Non-
Material
 Another way of looking at culture is to view it as both
material and non-material,
 Material culture refers to those tangible,
concrete, man-made objects, artifacts, tools,
weapons, utensils, buildings, machines, burial
grounds, and other material inventions or
innovations of man which are distinct and
apart from natural objects or natural
environment.
 Non‐material culture refers to the nonphysical
ideas that people have about their culture,
including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals,
language, organizations, and institutions.
Aspects/Characteristics of Culture
 Culture is learned
 Culture is shared
 Culture is cumulative
 Culture changes
 Culture is dynamic
 Culture is ideational
 Culture is diverse
 Culture gives us range of permissible behavior pattern
Aspects/Characteristics of Culture

1. CULTURE IS LEARNED
- First essential characteristics of culture.
- culture is not biologically transmitted, it can be
learned through observation and imitation.
- it can be learned through experience,
watching and reading books.
2. CULTURE IS SHARED
- People of the same community, share the
same values, beliefs and traditions.
-they share language, and mannerisms and the
way they communicate is similar., built by their
belief system, their personalities share certain traits.
3. CULTURE IS CUMULATIVE
-knowledge is stored and passed on one
generation to the next, new knowledge is
being added to what is existing.
4. CULTURE CHANGES
-Certain traditions or rituals are
eliminated, language and mannerisms of
people changes.
-it changes through adaptation of other’s
culture.
5. CULTURE IS DYNAMIC
-No culture is ever in permanent state,
new ideas and techniques are added and
old ways are constantly modified and
discarded.
6. CULTURE IS IDEATIONAL
- Culture is an ideal pattern of
behavior which the members are expected
to follow.
-assign meanings to environment
and experience by symbolizing them.
7. CULTURE IS DIVERSE
-sum total of human culture consists
of a great many separate culture, each of
them are different.
though there are separation, they
are interdependent with one another
forming culture as a whole.
8. CULTURE GIVES US RANGE OF PERMISSIBLE
BEHAVIOR PATTERN
-culture tells us how different
activities should be conducted such as
wife, husband, parent or child.
Components of Culture
1. Norms- guidelines or standards or shared roles on what is
right or wrong, appropriate or inappropriate behavior,
morality, legality and ethics of a society which provide
sanctions when violations are made.
Examples
 Folkways- these are  Walking barefooted and
everyday habits, customs, eating with their bare
traditions, and hands among the barrio
conventions which do not folks.
have particular moral
and ethical significance.
 Mores- these are norms
with coercive moral and  Code of Ethics, standards
ethical significance and of morality, the Ten
which carry strong moral Commandments.
and legal sanctions.
These are two kinds of mores

 Positive mores or duty or the
“Thou shall behavior”
 Negative mores or taboo or
the “Thou shall not behavior.
-Taboo refers to societal
prohibitions on certain acts which
must not be done because they
are illegal, immoral and unethical.
Examples
 Thou shall love God above all;
helping the poor and the
needy.
 Prohibitions against incest,
cannibalism, and murder.
Components of Culture
Examples
 2. Laws- these are  Revised Penal Code,
formalized norms Republic Acts, Batas
enacted by people Pambansa. In the local
vested with legitimate government, we have the
authority. city, municipal, or
barangay ordinance.
3. Ideas, Beliefs, Values
 A. Ideas. These are man’s
conception of his  idea of a model citizen,
physical, social and family or community, idea
cultural world. or alternative marriage.
Components of Culture

 B. Beliefs- these refer to a Examples

person’s conviction about  beliefs in spirits, beliefs in
certain idea, or the the afterlife.
people’s perception or
view of reality and real
world.  high value upon success,
freedom, and heroism.
 C. Values- these are
abstract concepts of
what is important and
worthwhile, desirable and
undesireable.
Components of Culture
Example
4. Material culture
 This refers to the material
products or objects or
adjuncts of the culture
behavior.

 Cross for Christianity, dove for

5. Symbols- refers to an object,
peace, thumbs up for okay.
gesture, sound, color or
design that represents
something “other than itself”
Society, its Nature and its
Dynamics
Theoretical Paradigm

 Thisparadigm is a theoretical framework

that sees or visualizes society as the
product of the everyday interactions of
individual.
 For example, viewing different dimensions
of society such as a stable system, as a
changing system, as a system in conflict,
or as an interacting system.
Classifications of Theoretical
Paradigm
1. The Evolutionary Paradigm
- proposes that societies, like biological
organisms, undergo different stages of growth
and development, from simple-primitive archaic
society to complex-modern society.
the natural selection process enabled the
strong societies to survive and the weak ones to
suffer death.
 Forexample, through increase in
population and better adaptations to their
environment, stronger families banded
together to form clans, clans of tribe, tribes
to community or village,
towns/municipalities or cities to province,
to nation and so on to a world global
community in the broad sense.
B. Structural-Functional Paradigm

 Framework for building theory that

visualizes society as a complex system
whose parts work together to promote
solidarity and stability.
 Views society as an organized network of
cooperating groups operating in an
orderly manner according to generally
accepted social norms.
c. Social-Conflict Paradigm

 Framework for building theory that envisions society as

an arena of inequality that generates conflict and
change.
 It highlights division or opposition on equality. Factors
such as social class, race, ethnicity, sex and age are
linked to unequal distribution of wealth, power and
social prestige.

Example: Conflict between the powerful dominant class

and the marginalized disadvantaged people, rich vs poor,
capitalists vs workers, whites vs blacks, men vs. women
D. Symbolic Interaction Paradigm

 Envisions society as the product of the everyday

interactions of individuals.
 Society’s arises as shared reality that its members
construct as they interact with one another.
 It includes such as other approaches as dramaturgy
(practice of dramatic composition), ethnomethodology
(method of sociological analysis that examines how
individuals use everyday conversation and gestures to
construct a common-sense view of the world), and
social exchange.
Definition of Society and its
etymology
 It came from the Latin word,
“socious” meaning “companion” or
“associate”
 It is consist of people who are in
constant association, socialization,
and interaction with one another on
the basis of social criteria and norms
of behavior.
Other definition of Society

 John and Mavis Beising (1956)

- Defines society as “ a group of
people that shares a common culture.”
 Talcott Parsons
-Defines society as “a total complex
of human interrelationship in so far they
grow out of means-end relationship”
 George Douglas
-defines society as “the complex of
organized associations and institutions
within a community”.

Ferdinand Toennies
-defines society as “gemeinschaft and
gesselschaft”
 Vilfredo Pareto
- Defines society as ‘social system in dynamic
equilibrium”

Narrowly, society is an organization of social

relationships of a fairly comprehensive group of people
having a common culture and a sense of common
identity in a community or a more or less defined
territory.
What holds the society together?

 The member of the society interact more with

one another than with member of other
societies. They share more values in common.
They have a sense of common identity, group
consciousness, and group loyalty. This
interdependent web of interrelationships,
common shared values, sentiments, mental
acts, and common way of life are the bonds
that holds the society together.
Human Biocultural and Social
Evolution
 Orrorin tugenensis is the one of the oldest early
humans on our family tree.
Individuals of this species were approximately the
size of a chimpanzee and had small teeth with thick
enamel, similar to modern humans.
The most important fossil of this species is an upper
femur (thigh bone), showing evidence of bone buildup
typical of a biped (two legs for walking) - so Orrorin
tugenensis individuals climbed trees but also
probably walked upright with two legs on the ground.
Ardipithecus kadabba was bipedal (walked
upright),
Probably similar in body and brain size to a
modern chimpanzee, and had canines
that resemble those in later hominins but
that still project beyond the tooth row.
known in the fossil record by a few post-
cranial bones and sets of teeth. One bone
from the large toe has a broad, robust
appearance, suggesting its use in bipedal
push-off.
Ardipithecus ramidus was first reported in 1994; in 2009,
scientists announced a partial skeleton, nicknamed ‘Ardi’.
The foot bones in this skeleton indicate a divergent large
toe combined with a rigid foot – it's still unclear what this
means concerning bipedal behavior.
The pelvis, reconstructed from a crushed specimen, is said
to show adaptations that combine tree-climbing and bipedal
activity. The discoverers argue that the ‘Ardi’ skeleton
reflects a human-African ape common ancestor that was
not chimpanzee-like. A good sample of canine teeth of this
species indicates very little difference in size between
males and females in this species.
Australopithecus afarensis, famously known as 'Lucy', is an
extinct hominid that lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years
ago. Australopithecus afarensis was slenderly built, and
closely related to the genus Homo. Lucy herself is 3.2 million
years old, discovered by Donald Johanson and colleagues in
the Afar Triangle region of Hadar in Ethiopia on November
24th 1974 [Johanson, D.C. 2009]. ‘Lucy’ was an almost
complete skeleton. Australopithecus afarensis name Lucy
was inspired by the Beatles song 'Lucy in the sky with
diamonds'.
Australopithecus anamensis has a combination
of traits found in both apes and humans. The
upper end of the tibia (shin bone) shows an
expanded area of bone and a human-like
orientation of the ankle joint, indicative of regular
bipedal walking (support of body weight on one
leg at the time). Long forearms and features of
the wrist bones suggest these individuals
probably climbed trees as well.
Au. africanus was anatomically similar to Au. afarensis,
with a combination of human-like and ape-like features.
Compared to Au. afarensis, Au. africanus had a rounder
cranium housing a larger brain and smaller teeth, but it
also had some ape-like features including relatively long
arms and a strongly sloping face that juts out from
underneath the braincase with a pronounced jaw. Like
Au. afarensis, the pelvis femur (upper leg), and
foot bones of Au. africanus indicate that it walked
bipedally, but its shoulder and hand bones indicate they
were also adapted for climbing,
The "robust" australopiths are a group of
hominins with large cheek teeth and
strongly built jaws that lived alongside
the earliest members of our own genus,
Homo, approximately 2.5-1.4 million
years ago.
Paranthropus aethiopicus is still much of a mystery
to paleoanthropologists, as very few remains of
this species have been found. The discovery of the
2.5 million year old ’Black Skull’ in 1985 helped
define this species as the earliest known robust
australopithecine. P. aethiopicus has a strongly
protruding face, large megadont teeth, a powerful
jaw, and a well-developed sagittal crest on top of
skull, indicating huge chewing muscles, with a
strong emphasis on the muscles that connected
toward the back of the crest and created strong
chewing forces on the front teeth.
 They had very large megadont cheek teeth with
thick enamel and focused their chewing in the back
of the jaw. Large zygomatic arches (cheek bones)
allowed the passage of large chewing muscles to the
jaw and gave P. robustus individuals their
characteristically wide, dish-shaped face. A large
sagittal crest provided a large area to anchor these
chewing muscles to the skull. These adaptations
provided P. robustus with the ability of grinding down
tough, fibrous foods. It is now known that ‘robust’
refers solely to tooth and face size, not to the body
size of P. robustus.
P. boisei is characterized by a specialized skull with
adaptations for heavy chewing. A strong sagittal crest on the
midline of the top of the skull anchored the temporalis muscles
(large chewing muscles) from the top and side of the
braincase to the lower jaw, and thus moved the massive jaw
up and down. The force was focused on the large cheek teeth
(molars and premolars). Flaring cheekbones gave P. boisei a
very wide and dish-shaped face, creating a larger opening for
bigger jaw muscles to pass through and support massive
cheek teeth four times the size of a modern human’s. This
species had even larger cheek teeth than P. robustus, a flatter,
bigger-brained skull than P. aethiopicus, and the thickest
dental enamel of any known early human.
 This species, one of the earliest members of the
genus Homo, has a slightly larger braincase and
smaller face and teeth than in Australopithecus or
older hominin species. But it still retains some ape-
like features, including long arms and a
moderately-prognathic face.
 Its name, which means ‘handy man’, was given in
1964 because this species was thought to
represent the first maker of stone tools.
 Homo erectus fossils (sometimes called Homo
ergaster) are the oldest known early humans to
have possessed modern human-like body
proportions with relatively elongated legs and
shorter arms compared to the size of the torso.
These features are considered adaptations to a life
lived on the ground, indicating the loss of earlier
tree-climbing adaptations, with the ability to walk
and possibly run long distances. Compared with
earlier fossil humans, note the expanded braincase
relative to the size of the face.
 Peking man had a skull that was flat in profile, with a
small forehead, a keel along the top of the head for
attachment of powerful jaw muscles, very thick skull
bones, heavy browridges, an occipital torus, a large
palate, and a large, chinless jaw. The teeth are
essentially modern, though the canines and molars are
quite large, and the enamel of the molars is often
wrinkled. The limb bones are indistinguishable from
those of modern humans.
 HOMO SAPIENS
The species that you and all other living human
beings on this planet belong to is Homo sapiens.
During a time of dramatic climate change
300,000 years ago, Homo sapiens evolved in
Africa. Like other early humans that were living at
this time, they gathered and hunted food, and
evolved behaviors that helped them respond to
the challenges of survival in unstable
environments.
HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS
Neanderthals (the ‘th’ pronounced as ‘t’) are
our closest extinct human relative. Some
defining features of their skulls include the
large middle part of the face, angled cheek
bones, and a huge nose for humidifying and
warming cold, dry air. Their bodies were
shorter and stockier than ours, another
adaptation to living in cold environments. But
their brains were just as large as ours and
often larger - proportional to their muscular
bodies.
 Neanderthals made and used a diverse set of
sophisticated tools, controlled fire, lived in shelters,
made and wore clothing, were skilled hunters of large
animals and also ate plant foods, and occasionally
made symbolic or decorative objects. There is
evidence that Neanderthals deliberately buried their
dead and occasionally even marked their graves with
offerings, such as flowers. No other primates, and no
earlier human species, had ever practiced this
sophisticated and symbolic behavior.
CRO MAGNON
 Cro-Magnons were robustly built and powerful and
are presumed to have been about 166 to 171 cm
(about 5 feet 5 inches to 5 feet 7 inches) tall. The
body was generally heavy and solid, apparently with
strong musculature. The forehead was straight, with
slight brow ridges, and the face is short and wide.
Cro-Magnons were the first humans (genus Homo) to
have a prominent chin. The brain capacity was
about 1,600 cc (100 cubic inches), somewhat larger
than the average for modern humans. It is thought
that Cro-Magnons were probably fairly tall
compared with other early human species.
Cultural and Sociopolitical
Evolution
The three Major Stages of social
evolution with their technological
milestones
 A.Savage Era- use of fire, the bow and
pottery
 Barbarian Era- domestication of animals,
agriculture, and metalworking
 Civilization Era- alphabet and writing
EARLY STONE AGE (Paleolithic Age)
 The Paleolithic Period is an ancient cultural stage of human
technological development, characterized by the creation
and use of rudimentary chipped stone tools. These
included simple pebble tools (rock shaped by the
pounding of another stone to produce tools with a
serrated crest that served as a chopping blade), hand
adzes (tools shaped from a block of stone to create a
rounded butt and a single-bevel straight or curved cutting
edge), stone scrapers, cleavers, and points. Such tools
were also made of bone and wood. The Paleolithic Period
was also characterized by the manufacture of small
sculptures (e.g., carved stone statuettes of women, clay
figurines of animals, and other bone and ivory carvings)
and paintings, incised designs, and reliefs on cave walls.
LATER STONE AGE (Neolithic Age)
 EARLY STONE AGE (Paleolithic Age)
 It began about 10,000 years ago.
 During this period, people began to plant crops, domesticate animals and
establish villages.
 Polished stone tools were made from variety of hard rocks such as flint, jade,
jadeite and prehistoric art.
 Villagers during this time, learned new skills and became artisans. People
acquired skills in specialized crafts such as pottery, basket weaving, making
clothes, and shelters from animal skins, tool and weapon making by grinding,
spinning, wool to thread and made looms for weaving thread into cloth.
 Another important invention was the plow which was pulled by oxen. This
enables farmers to bring more land under cultivation.
 Other important advances were the invention of the wheel and sail both of
which improved transportation and encouraged trade.
Copper and Bronze Age
 The skilled artisan of the Neolithic Age learned to
work with metals to make tools and weapons.
Copper was probably the first metal used for it is
easily worked and easy to extract.
 Copper can be easily sharpened, recast and
reshaped if broken. Soon tool makers,
discovered how to make bronze by combining
copper with a small amount of tin. Bronze was
harder and more durable than copper.
Iron Age
 Involved the adaptation of iron smelting
technology. It generally replaced bronze, and
made it possible to produce tools which were
stronger and cheaper. Iron axes and other iron
tools made land clearance easier and faster
and provided mode farmland to support the
growing population.
 Ancient Civilizations

 The development during the Neolithic Page

which include permanent settlements such as
villages and cities, organized government and
religion, specialized occupation, and advance
technology, and system of writing characterize
early civilization. It was the growth of ancient
civilization which produced the ancient
advancement in technology and engineering,
advances which stimulated other societies to
adopt new ways of living and governance.
Birthplaces of civilization

 Essential features of early civilizations includes

the following;
1. Government are organized;
2. Government and religion are closely
connected;
3. People in cities follow specialized occupations;
and
4. System of writing and record keeping
developed.
 Mesopotamian Civilization
 Mesopotamia was part of the fertile crescent, a great arc of fertile
land stretching from the Persian Gulf to the eastern shore of the
Mediterranean Sea. The Greeks gave this land the name,
“Mesopotamia” which means “between rivers” Today, it is the
country of Iraq, Mesopotamia became known as Sumer. Among
the achievements of the Sumerians includes:
1. Establishment of city-states
2. Polytheism as their religious beliefs;
3. Construction of brick houses;
4. Palaces and temples called ziggurat which looks like a pyramid
5. The use of the wheel and potter’s wheel, a form of writing called
cuneiform and the establishment of school for boys.
Ziggurat
Cuneiform
 Mesopotamians make advances in
mathematics, astronomy and laws. In
mathematics, they drew up multiplication and
division tables and made calculations using
geometry. They also came up with the system of
dividing a circle into 360 degrees and an hour
into 60 minutes. They also developed a twelve-
month calendar based on cycles of the moon.
The code of Hammurabi, is one of the earliest
written laws which dealt on many aspects of
social life.
 Code of Hammurabi
The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, enacted the code. A partial
copy exists on a 2.25-meter (7.5 ft) stone stele. It consists of 282 laws,
with scaled punishments, adjusting "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a
tooth" (as graded based on social stratification depending on
social status and gender, of slave versus free, man versus woman.
Egyptian Civilization Last 3,000
years
 Egypt has been known as the “Gift of Nile”
 Egyptians believed in polytheism and in the life after
death.
 The rulers of the Ancient Egypt are called pharaohs who
are also believed as gods.
 Pharaohs of the old Kingdom built immerse pyramids to
serve as their tombs.
 It is called, “The Great Pyramid” and located in the
dessert on the west bank of the Nile near Giza.
The Great Pyramid of Giza
 It was built about 2600 B.C., standing 850 ft
high, and it is made up of more than two
million stone blocks, each weighing about
two and a half tons. The bodies of the
pharaohs are embalmed, wrapped in
linen cloth and mummified.
 The Egyptians leave written records, and
it’s called hieroglyphics. The term came
from Greek, and means “sacred
carvings”. The Egyptians also wrote on
paper scrolls, which they made from a
reedlike plant called papyrus.
Hieroglyphics
papyrus
Civilization of Ancient India
 The Indus Valley Civilization is notable for its early
application of city planning and sanitation
technologies. Ancient India was also at the
forefront of sea-faring technology. A panel
found in Mohenjo daro, depicts sailing craft.
Indian construction and architecture, called
“Vaastu Shastra’ suggests a through
understanding of materials in engineering,
hydrology (the branch of science concerned
with the properties of the earth's water, and
especially its movement in relation to land) and
sanitation.
Mohenjo daro is an archaeological site in
the province of Sindh, Pakistan.
Civilization of Ancient India Greece
 In politics, Greece contributed to Western ideals of
democratic government and political freedom.
 Notable political leaders are Pericles, Demosthenes,
and Cleisthenes
 In literature, Greece gave the world the classic epics,
Iliad and Odyssey by the blind poet Homer; the fables of
Aesop, the classic tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles,
and Euripides during the golden Age of Athens.
 Inthe same period, the writers Herodotus and
Thucydides set new standards for writing history.
-- Herodotus was called the Father of History
-- Hippocrates was called the Father of Medicine.
Pericles Demosthenes
Cleisthenes Homer
Aesop Aeschylus
Sophocles Euripides
Herodotus Hippocrates
Euclid Pythagoras
Archimedes
Thales Socrates
Plato Aristotle
Zeno
 In mathematics, well known are Euclid, Pythagoras,
and Archimedes.
 Philosophy flourished through the ideals and great
thoughts of Thales, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and
Zeno, as they advanced reason and logic.
 In Greek art and literature, the ideals were beauty,
simplicity and perfect proportion and exemplified
by Parthenon– the majestic building in honor of the
Greek goddess Athena.
 In the field of science and technology, Greeks
were the first to invent the watermill, the first to
experiment with wind power, the earliest steam
engine, the water turbine, Archimedes’ screw,
and the water organ in music by Ctesibius, the
vending machine, the catapult, and the
crossbow in warfare.
Civilization of Ancient Rome
 The Romans contributed much to the western culture
and Civilizations. Many of the present forms of
government and law making was credited to the
roman system.
 Notable political figures include emperors Julius
Caesar, Lucious Brutus, Pompey, Mark Anthony,
Marcus Aurelius and Octovian, it was Octovian’s
rule and his “pax Romana” which resulted o much
progress in the arts, business, literature,
architecture, infrastructure, and governance.
 The Romans also invented the concrete and for its
durability.
 They developed advanced stone masonry technology,
advanced road building, military engineering, civil
engineering, spinning and weaving and several
machines like the garlic reaper that helped increased
Roman economy.
 Roman engineers were the first to build monumental
arches, amphitheaters, aqueducts, public baths, true
arch bridges, harbors, reservoirs and dams, vaults and
domes.
 They also invented the book Codex and glass blowing.
Julius Caesar Lucius Brutus
Pompey Mark Antony
Marcus Aurelius Augustus Octavian