Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Respiratory Systems
Human Respiratory System
Functions:
– Works closely with circulatory system,
exchanging gases between air and
blood:
• Takes up oxygen from air and
supplies it to blood (for cellular
respiration).
• Removal and disposal of carbon
dioxide from blood (waste product
from cellular respiration).
Structure
• Nose
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
Human Respiratory System Organs
2. Pharynx (Throat):
Intersection where pathway
for air and food cross. Most
of the time, the pathway for
air is open, except when we
swallow.
3. Larynx (Voice Box):
Reinforced with cartilage.
Contains vocal cords, which
allow us to make sounds by
voluntarily tensing muscles.
– High pitched sounds: Vocal
cords are tense, vibrate fast.
– Low pitched sounds: Vocal
cords are relaxed, vibrate
slowly.
– More prominent in males
(Adam’s apple).
Human Respiratory System
• Alveoli are
grouped in Pulmonary
clusters. artery
• A network of
capillaries Pulmonary
alveolus.
Capillaries
Gas Exchange
O2
• Gas exchange takes
place in the alveoli.
• Oxygen diffuses into CO2
the blood.
• Carbon dioxide in the
blood diffuses into the
alveolus.
• Let’s examine this up close
Capillary
How does the body use oxygen?
Oxygen is for respiration.
• In biology, respiration means different things.
• Cellular respiration is the release of energy from the
breakdown of food in the presence of oxygen
(occurs in the?????)
• At the organism level, respiration is the process of gas
exchange - the release of carbon dioxide and the uptake of
oxygen that occurs between RBCs and alveoli
Exhalation
Name the order in which air
travels until oxygen diffuses into
your blood
Bronchioles, Nose, Pharynx, Bronchi,
alveoli, Larynx
Parts of the Respiratory
system
Diseases of the Respiratory System
• Asthma: Condition in which breathing is
impaired by constriction of bronchi and
bronchioles, cough, and thick mucus
secretions. The severity and incidence of
asthma has risen dramatically in recent
years, especially in children. May be fatal if
not treated.
Causes: Attacks may be precipitated by
inhalation of allergens (e.g.: pollen, cats, and
cockroach proteins), pollutants, infection, or
emotional stress.
Treatment: Alleviates symptoms (e.g.:
immuno-suppressors, bronchodilators), but is
not a cure.
• Bronchitis: Inflammation of the mucous
membranes of the bronchi. May present with
cough, fever, chest or back pain, and fatigue.
Causes: Associated with smoking, pollution,
and bacterial or viral infections.
Lungs
deoxygenated oxygenated
blood.
blood.
Body cells
The Heart
2 atria
Coronary arteries,
the hearts own
2 ventricles blood supply
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
valve valve
a. ARTERY
b. VEIN
c. CAPILLARY
The ARTERY
Arteries have strong, muscular walls to carry blood away
from the heart.
plasma hormones
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html
What makes up our blood?
• RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant
cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and
contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our
cells.
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of
the immune system and destroy infectious agents called
pathogens.
• PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that
contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones,
clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight
infection.
• PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are
carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called
coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.
Blood Facts
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of
their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to
all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other
waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for
disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal
wounds, so we can stay healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three
drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are
about 40 platelets and one white cell.
http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html
Genetics of Blood Types
• Your blood type is established before you are BORN,
by specific GENES inherited from your parents.
Rh + Can receive + or -
Rh - Can only receive -
Universal Recipient
Rh Factors
• Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys
to learn more about the human anatomy
because there are certain similarities between
the two species. While studying Rhesus
monkeys, a certain blood protein was
discovered. This protein is also present in the
blood of some people. Other people, however,
do not have the protein.
• The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is
referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor. A+ A-
• If your blood does contain the protein, your
blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your
B+ B-
blood does not contain the protein, your blood AB+ AB-
is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). O+ O-
http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html
Cardiovascular Disorders
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the
leading cause of death in Western
countries.
• Modern research efforts have improved
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
• Major cardiovascular disorders include
atherosclerosis, stroke, heart attack,
aneurysm, and hypertension.
Hemophilia
• Hemophilia is an inherited clotting
disorder due to a deficiency in a clotting
factor that produces abnormal bleeding.
• Bumps and falls cause bleeding in the
joints; cartilage degeneration and
resorption of bone can follow.
• The most frequent cause of death is
bleeding into the brain with accompanying
neurological damage.
Atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis is due to a build-up of
fatty material (plaque), mainly
cholesterol, under the inner lining of
arteries.
• The plaque can cause a thrombus (blood
clot) to form.
• The thrombus can dislodge and lead to
the bursting of a blood vessel.
Stroke, Heart Attack, and
Aneurysm
• Stroke results when an embolus lodges in
a cerebral blood vessel or a cerebral blood
vessel bursts; a portion of the brain dies
due to lack of oxygen.
• Heart attack occurs when a portion of
heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen.
• Aneurysm is a ballooning of a blood
vessel, usually in the abdominal aorta or
arteries leading to the brain.
• Death results if the aneurysm is in a large
vessel and the vessel bursts.
• Atherosclerosis and hypertension weaken
blood vessels over time, increasing the
risk of aneurysm.
Coronary Bypass Operations
• A coronary bypass operation involves
removing a segment of another blood
vessel and replacing a clogged
coronary artery.
• It may be possible to replace this
surgery with gene therapy that
stimulates new blood vessels to grow
where the heart needs more blood flow.
Coronary bypass operation
Clearing Clogged Arteries
• Angioplasty uses a long tube threaded
through an arm or leg vessel to the point
where the coronary artery is blocked; inflating
the tube forces the vessel open. Stents are
put in place to keep it open.
• Stents are small metal pieces that are
expanded inside the artery to keep it open.
• Stents are coated with heparin to prevent
blood clotting and with chemicals to prevent
arterial closing.
Angioplasty