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Lecture contents
Background of virtualization
What is Virtualization
The Traditional Server Concept
The Virtual Server Concept
Virtual Machines
Benefits of Virtualization
Server Consolidation
Virtualization– Key Solutions / Use Cases
Lecture contents..
Top 3 Economic Reasons For Virtualization
Server, Storage and Network Consolidation
Virtualization Delivers Tangible Business Outcomes
Experienced App Owners Trust Virtualization for
Toughest Workloads
What is Available Today
VMware – Recognized as the Virtualization & Cloud
Leader(2010)
What is Available From VMware
Lecture contents..
VMware vSphere: Ready to Virtualize All Applications
Virtual Desktop Infrastructure
Virtual Distributed Network Switch
The Disadvantages of Virtualization
System Virtualization - Present State
Modernizing the Desktop – Virtual Desktop
Infrastructure
Cloud Computing Takes Virtualization to the Next Step
Private, Hybrid and Public Clouds
Problems – Background of
virtualization
Enterprise IT centers support many service
applications
Microsoft Exchange
Oracle
SAP
Web servers
Citrix
Each service application demands its own
environment
Specific version of operating system
Multiple processors and disks
Specialized configurations
Problem..
Single OS image per machine
Software and hardware tightly coupled
Running multiple applications on same
machine often creates conflict
Underutilized resources
Inflexible and costly infrastructure
Problem..
Combining services on same server host is
difficult (at best)
Conflicting demands
Incompatible loads
…
Upgrading or commissioning a service is very
difficult
Shadow server machines for debugging & testing
Complicated changeover tactics
…
Problem..
Adding or upgrading hardware or OS is
difficult
Testing and refitting active service
Complicated changeover tactics
…
Load balancing is impossible
Services tied to own systems
Some underused, some overused
Solution - Virtualization
Virtualization abstracts the underlying physical
structure of various technologies.
Virtualization, in computing, is the creation of
a virtual (rather than actual) version of
something, such as a hardware platform,
operating system, a storage device or network
resources
Solution – Virtualization..
Server virtualization
Creates multiple isolated
environments
Allows multiple OS’s and workloads
to run on the same physical hardware–
Solves the problem of tight coupling
between OS’s and hardware
Solution — Virtualization..
Decouple [OS, service] pair from hardware
Multiplex lightly-used services on common
host hardware
Migrate services from host to host as needed
Introduce new [OS, service] pairs as needed
Commissioning new services
Testing upgrades of existing services
Experimental usage
Solution — Virtualization..
Using virtual infrastructure solutions such as
those from VMware, enterprise IT managers
can address challenges that include:
Server Consolidation and Containment –
Eliminating ‘server sprawl’ via deployment of
systems as virtual machines (VMs) that can run
safely and move transparently across shared
hardware, and increase server utilization rates
from 5-15% to 60-80%.
Solution — Virtualization..
Test and Development Optimization – Rapidly
provisioning test and development servers by
reusing pre-configured systems, enhancing
developer collaboration and standardizing
development environments.
Business Continuity – Reducing continuity
(high availability and disaster recovery solutions)
by encapsulating entire systems into single files
that can be replicated and restored on any target
server, thus minimizing downtime
Solution — Virtualization..
Enterprise Desktop – Securing unmanaged
PCs, work-stations and laptops without
compromising end user autonomy by layering
a security policy in software around desktop
virtual machines.
Virtual Machine
Is a representation of a real machine using software that
provides an operating environment which can run or host
a guest operating system.
A virtual machine provides interface identical to
underlying bare hardware
I.e., all devices, interrupts, memory, page tables, etc.
Virtual Machine Operating System creates illusion of
multiple processors
Each capable of executing independently
No sharing, except via network protocols
Clusters and SMP can be simulated
Traditional server concept
The virtual Server Concept
Virtual Machines…
Hardware-independence of operating system
and applications
Virtual machines can be provisioned to any
system
Can manage OS and application as a single
unit by encapsulating them into virtual
machines
Virtual Machines..
Virtual-machine concept provides complete protection of
system resources
Each virtual machine is isolated from all other virtual machines.
However, limited sharing of resources
Virtual-machine system is a good vehicle for operating-
systems research and development.
System development is done on the virtual machine does not disrupt
normal operation
Multiple concurrent developers can work at same time
The virtual machine concept is difficult to implement due to
the effort required to provide an exact duplicate to the
simulated machine
Virtual Mavhines …
Virtual Machine Monitor
Is a software that runs in a layer between a
hypervisor or host operating system and one or
more virtual machines that provides the virtual
machine abstraction to the guest operating systems.
With full virtualization, the virtual machine monitor
exports a virtual machine abstraction identical to a
physical machine, so that standard operating
systems (e.g., Windows 2000, Windows Server
2003, Linux, etc.) can run just as they would on
physical hardware.
History of virtualization
IBM Cambridge Scientific Center
Ran on IBM 360/67
Alternative to TSS/360, which never sold very well
Replicated hardware in each “process”
Virtual 360/67 processor
Virtual disk(s), virtual console, printer, card reader, etc.
CMS: Cambridge Monitor System
A single user, interactive operating system
Host OS
Hardware
Components of Virtual Machines?
• Configuration file
• Hard disk file(s)
• Virtual machine state file
• In-memory file
Comparison
VMware Workstation
Costs more
More host & guests support
Better features (Snapshots, USB)
64-bit hosts and guests
Microsoft Virtual PC
Free
Less hosts & guests support
Less VM features and capabilities
Uses
Development
Testing
Training
Server Virtualization
• Software (SoftV) or Operating system
virtualization – where the virtualization
layer sits between the operating system and
the application programs that run on the
operating system. The virtual machine runs
applications, or sets of applications, that are
written for the particular operating system
being virtualized.
Server Virtualization..
Hardware (HardV) - Here the virtualization
layer sits right on top of the hardware
exporting the virtual machine abstraction.
Because the virtual machine looks like the
hardware, all the software written for it will
run in the virtual machine.
Example of SoftV Server
Virtualization
VMware Server
SoftV Server Virtualization
Architecture
Hardware
HardV Server
Virtualization
• Microsoft Virtual Server
• Citrix XenServer
Applications Applications
Virtual
Guest OS Guest OS
(Windows) (Linux)
Hardware
HardV Server Virtualization
Architecture
Hardware
HardV Server Virtualization
Architecture
Hardware
What is a hypervisor?
A hypervisor, also called a virtual machine manager
(VMM), is a program that allows multiple operating
systems to share a single hardware host.
Each operating system appears to have the host's
processor, memory, and other resources all to
itself. However, the hypervisor is actually
controlling the host processor and resources,
allocating what is needed to each operating system
in turn and making sure that the guest operating
systems (called virtual machines) cannot disrupt
each other.
What is a hypervisor?..
Guest Operating System is an operating
system running in a virtual machine
environment that would otherwise run directly
on a separate physical system.
Host Operating System is an operating
system actually running on the hardware
together with virtualization layer, it simulates
environment for guest operating system
ESX & ESXi
ESX has a Service Console is based on Red Hat Enterprise
Linux 3 (Update 6) that is heavily modified and stripped down
and is used for management purposes. During the boot process
the Service Console bootstraps the VMKernel using initrd and
then turns over full control of all hardware resources to the
VMkernel. When the VMkernel takes over the hardware
resources of the host, the Service Console is warm booted and
managed as a privileged virtual machine within the VMkernel.
ESXi does not have a full Service Console but instead has a
limited management console based on an implementation of the
Posix variant of Unix within a Busybox framework and has
many features that you will find in the full Service Console.
Techniques of VMware
VMotion
Storage VMotion
High Availability
Memory Reclamation
VMotion
VMotion allows you to quickly move an
entire running virtual machine from one
host to another without any downtime
or interruption to the virtual machine
This is also known as a “hot” or “live”
migration.
The entire state of a virtual machine is
encapsulated and the VMFS file system
allows both the source and the target
ESX host to access the virtual machine
files concurrently. The active memory
and precise execution state of a virtual
machine can then be rapidly
transmitted over a high speed network.
The virtual machine retains its network
identity and connections, ensuring a
seamless migration process.
Storage VMotion
Storage VMotion is a new feature introduced in
ESX 3.5, it allows you to migrate a running
virtual machine and its disk files from one
datastore to another on the same ESX host
The difference between VMotion and Storage
VMotion is that VMotion simply moves a virtual
machine from one ESX host to another but keeps
the storage location of the VM the same, Storage
VMotion on the other hand changes the storage
location of the virtual machine while it is running
and moves it to another data store on the same
ESX host. The virtual machine can be moved to
any data store on the ESX host which includes
local and shared storage.
High Availability (HA)
Continuously monitors all hosts in a
cluster and restarts virtual machines
affected by a host failure on other
hosts
Can also monitor guest OS's for a
failure via a heartbeat and restart them
on the same host in case of a failure
Continuously monitors and
chooses the optimal physical servers
within a resource pool on which to
restart virtual machines (if used in
conjunction with DRS)
Disadvantages of Virtualization
System Virtualization -Present
State
Data centre and desktop computing
successfully use virtualization to
Better utilize computing capacity
Balance computing load
Manage complexity and parallelism
Improve security by isolation
System Virtualization -Present
State ..
Mobile and embedded computing currently lag behind
since
Most hypervisors only support the x86 platform
Most hypervisors require large memories
Most hypervisors have poor real-time support
Most hypervisors are inefficient with microkernel OSs
Full-virtualization is not available. Operating system source
code needs to be available and must be modified
Suitable open source-code hypervisors are not available
Cloud Computing Takes
Virtualization to the Next Step
You don’t have to own the hardware & the
staff
You “rent” VMs & services as needed from a
ITaaS provider (IT as a Service)
There are multiple public cloud providers
e.g. Amazon EC2 and many others (Verizon, iland,
Rackspace, Savvis , HP, IBM)
The Cloud will provide IT similar to public
utilities providing electricity, gas, and water
Private, Hybrid and Public Clouds
Pre-sized, validated data centre
cloud ready infrastructure