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 DOCTERAL SEMINAR - I
ON

By,
ASHWINI
PGS18AGR7641
Ph.D SCHOLAR
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
UAS, DHARWAD
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Sequence of seminar
INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

WHAT IS VERTICAL GARDENING

CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL GARDEN

TYPES OF VERTICAL GARDEN

BENEFITS OF VERTICAL GARDEN

FACTORS OF VERTICAL GARDEN

DISADVANTAGES OF VERTICAL GARDEN

VERTICAL GARDENING FOR VEGETABLES

PLANTS FOR VERTICAL GARDEN

CONCLUSION
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 Introduction
• Vertical garden was first invented by Stanley Hart White.

• The concept of gardening was developed in Switzerland by Patrick

blanc.

• One of the gardening world's newest trend.

• Especially popular for small space gardening.

• Applied for their aesthetical appearance

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History of vertical
gardening

The hanging garden of babylon 5

 1920 : British and Americans encouraged the integration of garden features and
plant usage, for example, using pergolas, trellis structures and self-climbing plants.
 1988 : Introduction of a stainless steel cable system for green facades.
 1990 : Cable and wire-rope net systems and modular trellis panel systems enter the
North American market place.
 1993 : First major application of a trellis panel system at Universal City Walk
in California.
 1994 : Indoor living wall with bio-filtration system installed in Canada
 2002: The MFO Park, a multi-tiered 300’ long and 50’ high park structure
opened in Zurich, Switzerland. The project featured over 1,300 climbing
plants.
 2005 : The Japanese government sponsored a massive green wall in Expo 2005,
comprised of 30 different modular green wall systems available in Japan.
 2007 : GRHC launches full day Green Wall Design 101 course; in North America.
 2008 : GRHC launches Green Wall Award of Excellence and Green Wall
Research Fund.

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Why Garden Vertically?

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 what is a vertical garden?
 Vertical garden or green wall is a wall partially or completely covered
with greenery that includes a growing medium.

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Construction of vertical garden

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 Materials
1) Structure and components of a green wall system

Front panel Side panel Stabilizers

Geo textile pouch Wall hanging pot Bottom drainage tray

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2) Growing media :
 Weight less, high water retention capacity, high nutrient holding capacity,
good porosity and neutral pH.
 Cocopeat, perlite, sphagnum moss, vermiculite, shredded bark and leaf
molds and vermicompost.

• 40% coconut fibre

• 20% multi-purpose soil
• 15% compost
• 15% fertiliser
• 10% vermiculite

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Other growing media

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 1. Vertical gardening for enlivening the ambiance

Table 1. List of plants fit for vertical gardening

kolkata Malakar et al. (2017) 13

3) Plants suitable for vertical garden
For indoor condition

Herbaceous perennials Pepromia, Syngonium, Philodendron,

Epipremnum, Begonia, Anthurium,
Chlorophytum, Pilea, Rheo discolour, Filttonia,
Spathiphyllum. Schefflera etc.

Succulants Rheo discolour, Zebrina pendula, Setcrease

purpurea

Ferns Nephrolepis

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• For outdoor condition
Herbaceous perennials Alternanthera, pilea microphylla, mentha spp.,
Asparagus spp.

Succulants Sedums, jade plant, portuluca

Shrubs Dusty miller, Cuphea

Ground covers Baby’s tear, callisa repens

Grass like foliage forms Ophiophogon, Dianella tasmanica

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4) Layers

5) Planting container

6) Planting pot

7) Vegetation mat
felt system Building element
8) Building element

9) Felt system

10) Irrigation pipeline

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Irrigation pipeline
Types of vertical garden
Vertical garden

1. Green facades 2. Living walls

a) Modular trellis system a) Landscape walls

b) Grid and wire rope net b) Vegetated mat walls

system

c) Modular living walls

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Difference between green façade and living wall
Green facade
 Green facades have only soil at the
base of the wall.
 Support climbing plants receive water
and nutrients from the ground.
 Green façades are made up of
climbing plants either growing
directly on a wall or in specially
designed supporting structures.
 Climbing plant supported by cables
or trellis.
Living walls
 These walls have growing media
supported on face of wall.
 The plants receive water and nutrients
from within the vertical support
instead of from the ground.
 Living wall systems are composed of
pre vegetated panels, vertical modules
or planted blankets.
 Green walls may be indoors or
outside, freestanding or attached to an
existing wall, and come in a great
variety of sizes.
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 1. Green Facades
a. Modular trellis panel system
• Rigid, light weight, three-
dimensional panel made from a
powder coated galvanized and
welded steel wire.

• Maintain the integrity of a building

membrane.

• Asparagus sp., Pilea microphylla, Freestanding modular trellis system

Alternanthera sp., Jade plant, Sedum
morganianum, Portulaca sp., Dusty
miller, Cuphea sp., Ophiophogon
sp., Dianella tasmanica, Baby’s tear,
Callisia repens etc.

Modular wall hung trellis, curved trellis

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 b. Grid and wire-rope net systems
• Grids support faster growing climbing plants with denser foliage.
• Wire-nets are used to support slower growing plants.
• Various sizes and patterns are used to support slower growing plants.
• Ivy, Trumpet vine, Clematis sp., Wisteria chinensis, Star jasmine,
Bougainvillea sp., Climbing rose, Trachelospremum jasminoides etc.

Grid and wire-rope net systems, MFO

Grid system, Ex Ducati Office Italy Park, Switzerland
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 2) Living wall

 Pre vegetated panels, vertical

modules or planted blankets,
fixed vertically to a structural
wall or frame.

 These panels made of plastic,

expanded polystyrene, synthetic
fabric, clay, metal, and concrete.

 Generally is used self-

automated watering and nutrition
system.

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 a. Landscape wall
• Landscape walls are typically sloped as opposed to vertical.
• The primary function is slope stabilization.
• They usually are structured from some form of stacking material made of plastic
or concrete.
• Lonicera japonica, Nephrolepis sp., Parthenocissus tricuspidata, P.
quinquefolia, P. inserta, Vitis berlandieri, V. riparia, Polygonum auberti,
Pyracantha sp., Selaginella sp., Wisteria chinensis etc.

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 b. Vegetated mat wall

• Composed of two layers of synthetic

fabric with pockets.

• Physically support plants and

growing media.

• The fabric walls are supported by a

frame and backed by a waterproof
membrane against the building wall.

• Actinidia sp., Akebia quinata,

Aristolochia sp., Campsis sp.,
Celastrus sp., Clematis sp.,
Cotoneaster sp., Euonymus fortune,
Hedera helix, Heuchera sp.,
Humulus lupulus, Hydrangea
Vegetated mat wall , Spain petiolaris etc.
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 c. Modular living wall
• Use of modules for green wall applications.
• Modular systems consist of square or rectangular panels.
• Hold growing media to support plant material
• Pepromia sp., Syngonium sp., Philodendron sp., Epipremnum sp., Begonia
sp., Anthurium sp., Chlorophytum sp., Pilea sp., Rheo discolor, Fittonia
sp., Spathiphyllum sp., Schefflera sp., Zebrina pendula, Setcreasea
purpurea, Nephrolepis sp. etc

Rectangular panel
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 Vertical gardening in India

• Bangalore got the first vertical garden in

India,
• Mainly to bringing down the
contamination levels of the city.

• About first Vertical Garden in India:

1) An NGO called “say trees” introduced
the first vertical garden in the city on one
of the mainstays of the Hour Road Flyover.

2) The garden contains around 3500 of

plants of in excess of 10 distinct species,
3) A mechanized dribble water system
framework has been introduced that will
water the plants each day.

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 Benefits of vertical gardening
1. Adds aesthetic value.
2. Covers up views of plain or ugly walls and provide building
protection.
3. Decrease noise level.
4. Conserves water and watering takes less effort.
5. Reduces CO2 levels and increases oxygen, improve the air quality.
6. Prevent from dust and harmful microorganisms.
7. Acts as natural insulation for hot and cold air and a save energy for
your building.
8. Live plants decrease stress levels, create peaceful ambiance.
9. They help mitigate the urban heat island effect.

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 1. Adds aesthetic value

• Enhancing a buildings public

profile.

• Significantly improving the

visual amenity, economic, and
social conditions of the city.

• Increase property values by

increasing the amenity of
building.

Quai Branly Museum

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2. Covers up views of plain or ugly walls and provide
building protection
• By reducing temperature.

• Protects from ultra-violet

rays and acidic rain.

• By reducing cracking of the

building envelope.

• The buildings durability is

improved and its service life
extended.

Bridge in France
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 3. Decrease noise level
• Plants acts as a sound barrier.

• Plants absorb the frequency of the sound.

• Green Walls provide a noise buffer which significantly reduces outside ansd
inside noise (up to 40dB).

• A small indoor hedge placed around a workspace will reduce noise by 5

decibels

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 4. Conserves water and watering takes less
effort

• Watering is very efficient as it is done using a drip irrigation system.

• Any waste water is collected at the bottom of the garden in a special tray
where it is drained away. Alternatively, it can be recycled and put back on
the garden.

• All the water is used up by the plants and there is very little waste.

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 5. Reduces CO2 levels and increases oxygen and
improved air quality
• Reducing existing greenhouse gases.

• Plants act as bio-purifiers

• Taking carbon dioxide from the air

and replacing it with much needed
oxygen.

• Approximately 1 square feet of

vegetated wall area will filter the air
for approximately 100 square feet of
area.

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1. Utilizing a vertical garden to reduce indoor carbon dioxide in
an indoor environment
Fig. 1 Change in CO2 concentration of different kinds of plants.
CO2 concentration (ppm)

Plants type
1. Dieffenbachia
2. Pachira aquatica
3. Chlorophytum comosum
4. Spathiphyllum kochii

Night Day Night

Time (minutes)
Taiwan Yarn et al. (2013)
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Fig. 2 Variation of CO2 concentrations with time for Spathiphyllum
kochii at different initial CO2 background concentrations.

Time (minutes)
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 2. Indoor plants as agents deterioration of gas pollutions

Indoor plants Initial reading Final reading Percentage of

(ppm) (ppm) absorption (%)

Anthurium 467 368 21.20

Dumb cane 436 332 23.90

Golden pothos 455 377 17.10

Kadaka fern 440 364 17.30

Prayer plants 453 376 17.00

Spider plants 435 350 19.50

Syngonium 433 333 23.10

Table-2. Detail reading of each indoor plant to absorb CO2.

Malaysia Suhaimi et al. (2016) 34

Fig. 4 Results for all seven indoor plants to reduce CO2 contaminant
in chamber.

Suhaimi et al. (2016) 35

 6. Prevent from dust and harmful microorganisms

• Plants reduce wind-speed

also they prevent dust with
wet environments.

• plants bring about

extinction to harmful
microorganisms.

• Air quality improvement

from plants

• The plants clean the air by

absorbing pollutants.

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7. Acts as natural insulation for hot and cold air and
a save energy for your building.
• Reduce air-conditioning requirements and energy consumption of
urban buildings through cooling the city.

• Vegetation on walls can assist in cooling buildings in summer and

insulating them in winter.

• Reducing the wall temperature and building cooling load.

• In Tokyo Institute of Technology wall tests shown that Green Wall

panels reduce the wall temperature by 10°C.

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 8. Live plants decrease stress levels, create peaceful
ambiance

 Restorative effect of natural

scenery.

 The beauty of a green wall can

rejuvenate our minds and physical
fatigue is greatly reduced.

 The presence of plants in the office

not only reduce stress but also
helps increase workers
productivity.

Living walls at Gutman Library

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 9. Mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect

 A metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding

rural area especially in late afternoons and nights at winter season.

 The main reason is the excessive urban development.

 Green walls are by far the most popular way to cooling the city.

 Green walls in cooling of buildings and combating the heat island effect
and greatly reduce this effect by absorbing a lot of the heat through the
evaporation process.

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 4. The living walls as an approach for a healthy urban
evironment

Fig.5 Urban heat island effect Sheweka and Magdy (2011) 40

 5. Thermal impacts of vertical greenery systems

Fig. 6 Indoor temperature comparison of the boxes behind living wall, green
facade and the benchmark when natural ventilation was used.

Malaysia Safikhani et al. (2014)

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Table 4. Temperature reduction provided by the living wall and
green facade

Indoor Air
Temp.
Cavity Indoor
Cavity Air Indoor Air when
Surface Surface
Temp. Temp. Ventilatio
Temp. Temp.
n is Being

Living
8.0 °C 4.0 ˚C 3.5 °C 6.3 °C 4.0 °C
wall

Green
6.5 °C 3.0 °C 2.5 °C 5.5 °C 3.5 °C
Facade

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 Main factors for successful green wall

1. Elements of vertical garden

• Plant selection
• Irrigation
• Maintenance
• Cost
2. Factors affecting living walls
 Temperature and humidity
 Light
 Consideration of the micro climates
 Growing media selection
 Timely application of fertilizers
 Pruning if necessary
 Removing the dried leaves

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 Disadvantages of vertical gardening
1. Maintenance
• Maintenance is generally related to plant diversity and irrigation systems.
But if there is a damaged carrier panel or isolation material they must be
changed.
2. High cost
• Expensive elements of the work which will be applied in a vertical surface
are more than in a horizontal surface
• Carrier profile
• Irrigation system
• Drainage system
• Plant growth media
• Plant species
3. Irrigation systems problems

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 Vertical Gardening for Vegetables
• The purpose of an intensively grown garden is to harvest the most produce
possible from a given space.
• Then several vegetables like chinese cabbage, lettuce, water spinach.
• Plants grown in a vertical garden are less accessible to diseases and pests.
• Crop cultivation and harvesting is easier.
• The yield of vertical gardening is higher than traditional plantation methods.

 What kind of structures?

• Raised beds
• Vegetable cages
• Trellis
• Plant walls
• Garden tower

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Raised beds

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 6. Vertical gardening for vegetables

Table 5. The yield of vegetables by vertical

gardening.

Average
Mean Mean
Weight Yield yield
Vegetables weight weight
(kg/ha) (t ha-1) (t ha-1 in
(g/plant) (kg/4 m2)
the field)
Water
40.62 3.65 9139.5 9.13 6.65
spinach
Leek 143.25 8.59 21487.5 21.48 10.51
Chinese
309.6 18.57 46440 46.44 19.97
cabbage
Lettuce 131.26 3.15 9165 9.16 11.3

Indonesia Utami et al. (2012)

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Vegetable cages
 Individual trellises
 Need large holes for reach-trough
harvest
 Various materials
 Concrete reinforcing wire
 PVC
 Assorted store-bought cages

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Trellis

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50
 Spinach Cucumber Coriander Mint

Sweet pea Beans Gourds Brinjal

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 Other vertical growing ideas

Stacked Hydroponic Systems

• Way of growing plants without

soil using nutrient solutions
applied directly to the roots of
plants.

NFT Hydroponic
(Nutrient Film Technique)
Outdoor installation
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Pyramid garden

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Trays

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Steel frame type

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Flora felt/ pocket type

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Pallet Garden Wall Soda Bottle Garden Wall

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Walls of Pots

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Gutter Garden
Storm gutters, PVC pipe or
other horizontal troughs can
be used

Retaining Walls
Some garden designs incorporate
retaining walls.
Alpine and succulent plants can
be tucked in to soften the edge in
your garden space.

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 Plants suitable for vertical gardens
1. Self-clinging climbers (Generally no support needed. May need support on
very smooth walls.)

Hedera helix Parthenocissus tricuspidata

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Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Hydrangea petiolaris

Euonymus fortunei
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2. Twining climbers (Support needed. Thin steel wires or roughened plastic lines
vertically will support for some species. Others will need a good network of wire
or wooden trellis-work.)

Polygonum bauldschianicum Lonicera periclymenum Clematis vitalba

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 Jasminum officinale

Aristolochia macrophylla

Humulus lupulus
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 Wisteria floribunda

Capsis radicans
Vitis amurensis
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Passiflora caerulea Tropaeolum tricolorum

Lathyrus odoratus 65
3. Rambling shrubs (Not true climbers but can be trained on wide
meshed grid structures or by tying to wall.)

Rubus fruiticous Jasminum nodiflorum Rosa canina

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Forsythia suspensa Cotoneaster lacteus Pyracantha atalantiodes

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Other typical plants for vertical garden

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Conclusion

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