Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Dr. V.S.PATIL
Professor and Head
Department of Horticulture,
A.C Hanumanamatti.
Our Changing Planet: Surface Temperatures
Projected surface temperature changes for the early and late 21st century relative to the
period 1980–1999. The central and right panels show the Atmosphere-Ocean General
Circulation multi-Model (AOGCM) average projections for the B1 (top), A1B (middle)and A2
(bottom) SRES scenarios averaged over decades 2020–2029 (center) and 2090–2099 (right).
Source: IPCC Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policymakers
Plants and our environments
Indoor plants reduce dust levels, and tend to stabilise humidity and temperature
and They can also baffle noise.
UTS studies demonstrated that indoor potted-plants can eliminate high or low
doses of airborne VOCs within about 24 hours.
The ‘potted-plant microcosm’ (PPM) of any indoor-plant species will have a
similar capacity for efficient, reliable VOC removal.
Potted Plants
Rapidly development of foliage industry and its much contribution to the
national exports in South Asian countries.
Great potential to export fresh foliage items i.e., cut leaves, unrooted cuttings,
and rooted cuttings, stems, potted plants and landscaping plants, to Europe,
North America, Japan and Middle East Countries.
entry Indian companies in a big way in the international floricultural trade.
Besides cut flowers, another avenue which has a tremendous scope for India, is
to enter or diversify in to pot plant production because of the availability of
cheap labour besides many other inherent advantages.
Indoor potted
plants can
protect us
Global trends in Pot Plants
Foliage plants are best suited for pot growing and are defined
literally.
Foliage plants :
Attractive foliage and/or flowers that are able to
survive and grow indoors
Used as living specimens for interior decoration or
interior plant scaping
Historical Background
A desire for exotic plants developed among the aristocracy of France and
England by the middle of the 16th century, and orangeries and conservatories
became commonplace on the estates of the nobility and wealthy class by the
17th century.
An estimated 5,000 species of exotic plants had been brought into Europe
from the world’s tropics. The availability of diverse and exotic plants that
could tolerate the environment typical of Victorian homes promoted the use
of living plants indoors and gave birth to the modern foliage plant industry.
The oldest known Dieffenbachia hybrid is ‘Bausei’, a cross
between D. maculata and D. weirii made in 1870 in the
greenhouses of the Royal Horticultural Society of London at
Chriswick.
Plants in building interiors reduce dust, act as natural humidifiers, and purify
indoor air.
Scope and Prospects
Increasing urbanization undoubtedly increase urban population densities
as clustered housing units will increase.
As foliage plant production practices become more cost efficient and the
world economies continue to grow, the purchase and use of foliage plants
will become an international commonality.
India can certainly tap this advantage and enter into production of foliage
plants both exotic as well as those native to India.
Foliage plant production – A glance
The E.U.
The E.U. is still a major region of foliage plant production.
Netherlands, Belgium, England, France, Germany, and Italy are significant producers of
foliage plants for the European and international markets.
The floriculture auction houses in the Netherlands play a crucial role in the trade of
foliage plants.
In addition to plants from domestic production, about 14% of the Netherlands’ foliage
plants were imported, of which India, Italy, and Germany accounted for 26%, 14%, and
14%, respectively.
The Netherlands exported about 21%, 22%, and 52% to Germany, United Kingdom, and
France, respectively.
Predominant plants grown in California include Kentia palm (Howea forsterana)
and Pothos (Epipremnum aureum), followed by Philodendron and Araucaria, Heart-
leaf Philodendron (Philodendron scandens oxycardium) was introduced.
New Aglaonema species were found in Thailand in the south along the
Malaysian border and in the west along the border with Burma.
Cacti are a unique group of foliage plants. There are about 15 million grafted
cacti sold yearly in the international market, of which Korea produces 10 million.
Much of foliage plant production is exported to other countries including the U.S.
In 2000, the values of foliage plants exported to the E.U. from India, China, and
the Philippines were $9.7, 3.6, and 1.7 million, respectively.
Other foliage plant genera produced in Asian countries include Aglaonema, Anthurium,
Calathea, Ficus, Phalaenopsis, Bromeliads, and ornamental gingers as well as braided
Lucky Bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana), Money Tree (Pachira macrocarpa), Buddha’s Hand
(Alocasia cucullata).
Bromeliads
Aglaonema Phalaenopsis
Criteria for foliage potted plants
Dieffenbachia
Dracaena
Ferns (Filicies)
The most important commercial genera are
the Nephrolepis and Adiantum, together with
the general group of table ferns, including
Pteris, Cyrtomium Aspidium and Asplenium. Asplenium
Palms (Palmaceae)
Phoenix roebelenii
Anthurium
Antink Pink
(A. andreanum)
Alpine
(A. andreanum)
Funny
(A. scherzerianum)
Bessandra Calypso
(A. andreanum)
Red Star
(A.schrzerianum)
Sweety
(A.scherzerianum)
Ficus sp.
F. nitida
F. benjamina F. 'Panda'
F. elastica F. panduriformis
F. Iyrata F. repens
F. macrophylla F. triangularis
F. triangularis F. repens
Ficus benjamena Ficus elastica
Ficus panda
Ficus lyrata
PACKAGING
Packaging Systems
Boxing system
Cartons must meet interest-shipping regulations concerning
weight of corrugated cardboard
Waxed or moisture resistant to prevent deterioration of boxes
in transit
Shipping loose in specially constructed racks and trucks
Choice of packaging
Size of the plant
Amount of foliage
Flexibility of the branches and leaves
Tendency of branches and leaves to become entangled or
damaged during loading.
Freight rates
desired loading density
Industry standards for potted plant pack sizes
Source: Society of American Florists and the Produce Marketing Association. (28).
Shipping temperatures for some acclimatized foliage plants to maintain
quality in refrigerated vans
Shipment Plant species
temperature (ºC)
1-15 day shipment
10-13 Phoenix robelenii, Schefflera arboricola, Spathiphyllum,
13-16 Yucca
13-18 Ficus benjamina, Philodendron selloum
16-18 Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Dracaena marginata
Philodendron oxycardium, Peperomia bicolor, Nephrolepis
exaltata, Codiaeum variegatum, Cordyline terminalis,
Dracaena deremensis, D. fragrans, Scindapsus aureus
16-30 days
shipment Schefflera arboricola, Yucca
10-13 Spathiphyllum
13-16 Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Codiaeum variegatum,
16-18 Dracaena marginata, Aglaonema cv. Silver Queen & cv.
Fransher
¹Data are for plants in containers in the dark. Some plants stored without lights for 10-14 d
will show slight to severe leaf loss and/or yellowing but will recover.
Points for consideration during and after transportation
Grow pot plants with selected growers and have selected retailers in major
consuming cities in the form of a closed chain.
Provide along with plant a specially designed sleeve of package, which is quite
attractive.
Providing along with plant a leaflet containing scientifically developed plant
care tips.
Develop plants with very high quality standards and keeping quality.
Provide plant health certificate along with the plants.
Provide a leaflet containing the scheduling of operations to be followed by the
end user after he purchasers the plant.
Individual initiatives in this direction may not be economically viable, thick of
forming a co-operative with active participation of all the members.
Market through an attractive brand name of cooperative with due recognition
to the actual producer.
Possibility of marketing through Internet (E-commerce).
Potted Chrysanthemums (Pot Mums)
Varieties
White : Alpine, Free Spirit, Ruffled Spirit, Joy,
Surf
Yellow : Gettys Burg, Sunburst Spirit, Yellow Spin
wheel, Ritz
Pink : Fantasy, Anthem, Loyality, Albert, Chic
Bronze : Aglow, Copper Hostess, Minuteman,
Mandarin
Poinsettia
Varieties
K Paval Mikkelsen, Eckespoint C-1, Annette Hegg Red, Gutbler V-10 Amy,
Gutbier V-14 Glory, Gross SUP JIBI, Eckes point Lilo, Eckes point Lemon drop,
Eckes point Pink Peppermint, Eckes point Celebrate-2
Anthurium
ORCHIDS
Success Story
(Kazo Kogiso)
Cut Flowers to Potted Plants
Establishment of green house
production of cut flower in
1954
Left fresh cut flower production
because the consumer market
size was too small.
Then moved into cultivation of
annual bedding plants due to
low initial investment.
Asparagus Aspidistra
Bromelia Chlorophytum
Pelargonium
Schefflera
Ophiopogon japonicus Begonia
Begonia Ruellia
Bulbous Flowering Plants
Dahlia Daffodils
A wide range of ornamental plants can be grown in a greenhouse or conservatory.
Some of these must have the protection of a greenhouse and cannot be grown
successfully in the open garden. Other plants, though they can be grown outdoors,
grow better inside a protective structure.
Climbing and Trailing Foliage Plants
Ficus
Asparagus
Hedera helix
Philodendron
Scindapsus
Aglanema commutatum
Aralia elegantissima
Araucaria
Aspidistra lurida
Caladium
Cryptanthus
Cryperus
Ficus
Maranta
Flowering House Plants
Aphelandra
Begonia Maculata
Beloperone guttata
Saintpaulia ionantha (African Violet).
Begonias
Calceolaria
Chrysanthemums
Cineraria
Coleus
Pelargoniums
Euphorbias
Bulbs
Daffodils (Narcissus)
Crocus
Hyacinths
Tulips
Amaryllis
Ferns
Orchids
Dendrobiums, Pelonopsis
Cyclamen Euphorbias
In European Counties maintenance of potted foliage plants in green house and renting them
to clients is gaining lot of importance now a days
The latest data available from Aalsmeer Flower Auction Centre, The Netherlands
indicates that kalanchoe, hedera and ficus are top three positions among pot plants.
Germany, France and UK remain top consumers of floricultural products in the world.
Kalanchoe Hedera
Out of total Indian floriculture export 36 % is from potted plants
Major buyers are UK, USA, Germany, Europe, South East Asia, Japan,
Hong Cong, Singapore
Begonia, Yucca, Saint paulia, Chrysanthemum, Poinsettia, Dieffenbachia, Ficus,
Dracaena, Azalea, Kalanchoe are popular plants
Azalea
Saint paulia
Begonia,
Yucca