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• Mass Transfer
Water in a frying food migrates from the center to the surface. As
water is removed at the surface due to heating, water is 'pumped' to
the surface. The rate of water loss and its ease of migration through
the product are important to the final characteristics of the food.
• Heat Transfer
Water evaporation from the surface of a frying food also removes
heat from the surface and inhibits charring or burning at the surface.
The heat of vaporization of water to steam removes much of the
heat at the food/oil surface.
• Heat Removal
As long as water is being removed at a sufficient rate, the surface of
the food will not char. Subsurface water in the food will also conduct
heat away from the surface and towards the center of the product.
Frying
• Interior Cooking
The transfer of heat to the interior of the product by water will result
in cooking of the interior of the food. Want enough heat to 'cook' the
product, but not enough to cause damage - example -French fry
• Oil
The properties of oil change with frying. New oil has a high heat
capacity that diminishes with use. Other factors such as viscosity
may change dramatically with use
Food Oil Food
Steam
Frying
• For a given product, there is an optimum amount of fat
absorption, determined as the "best tasting product.“
• Manufacturers of fried foods establish a desired value (or
range) for absorbed fat (part of the finished product
specifications), using some combination of tradition,
recommendations, and sensory panel testing.
• The three main determinants of degree of fat absorption
are:
– · Frying temperature
– · Concentration of surface-active agents
– · Water binders in the food.
Frying
• Temperature.
– If the fat temperature in the fryer is too low, frying time
is often extended to achieve the desired depth of
crust coloration.
– However, this also allows more time for fat to
penetrate into the interior of the product.
– Also, the pressure of the steam being generated is
less than optimum, which also makes it possible for
more fat to penetrate.
– We have all undoubtedly had the unhappy experience
of being served pale, greasy french fries. This
situation invariably means that the cook is not
keeping good watch on the fryer thermostat (or that
the fryer is being overloaded).
Frying
• Surface-active agents.
– Emulsifiers promote breakdown of the steam barrier,
and this allows the oil to wet the solid food surfaces.
– Both of these effects increase the absorption of fat.
– In some cases (e.g., cake doughnuts), a small
amount of a wetting agent such as lecithin is added to
the batter to help achieve the desired level of fat
pickup.
– Also, free fatty acids generated by fat hydrolysis and
oxidized fat components (see below) are surface
active and promote fat absorption.
Frying
• Water binders.
– Soluble proteins, gelatinized starch, gums and other
fibers, and similar water-binding ingredients decrease
fat absorption by keeping more water in the system.
– This property is used in formulating batters and
breadings for coating foods that are to be deep-fried.
– Studies have shown, for example, that the inclusion of
3% cellulose fiber in a doughnut formulation markedly
decreases fat absorption.
Frying
% oil
Raw Fried
Ocean perch 1.2 13.1