Voltage fluctuations

Voltage fluctuations
 Systematic variation in the voltage envelope
– Flickering of incandescent lighting as luminance depends
on power,  V2
– Human visual and psychological perception to luminance
change
– > 0.5 Hz and < 25 Hz; most sensitive around 8.8 Hz
– Small fluctuation of 0.5% is deemed perceptible
 Caused by continuous changes in load operation
– Intermittent operations of motors, welders
– Chaotic mode of arc furnaces
 Severity depends on system short circuit capacity

Nov 2004 PSCAD Transient Simulation for Power Quality Analysis 2

 Voltage fluctuation limits

Nov 2004 PSCAD Transient Simulation for Power Quality Analysis 3

 Arc furnace modeling
 Employs non-linear
differential equations,
instead of piecewise
linear approximation
 Arc behavior
simulated as a
randomly varying
resistance

Nov 2004 PSCAD Transient Simulation for Power Quality Analysis 4

 V 0.0 80 [MVA] 83 [MVA]
Ph 110 [kV] / 20 [kV] 20 [kV] / 0.5 [kV]
BRK #1 #2 #1 #2
Icomp
Eln 0.00238
110 [kV], 50.0 [Hz] 117.5 [MVAR]
80 [MVA] 77.43 [MW] Ia Ib Ic

3 Phase
Z1 = 6.37 [ohm] /_ 80.0 [°]

RMS
1.0
BRK Modx
Ext.
Ig

Flickermeter
Eln STATCOM Arc furnace
1 Va
UIE/IEC
IFL G
Flickermeter
2 Vb 1 + sT Icomp

225
200
175
150
125 Arc resistance
100
y

75
50
25
0

Nov 2004 PSCAD Transient Simulation for Power Quality Analysis 5

 16.0

14.0

12.0
Fluctuating
y

10.0
voltage
16.00
8.0 envelope and
15.50 RMS voltage
15.00
y

14.50

14.00

16.0

14.0

12.0
STATCOM
y

reduces
10.0

16.00
8.0 voltage
15.50 fluctuations
15.00
y

14.50

14.00

Nov 2004 PSCAD Transient Simulation for Power Quality Analysis 6

 Misfiring diesel engine
3 Phase
RMS
W
0.0
Machine started in the
IM
'Torque' Mode from rest S
0 RRL
Motor BRK
* T
TIN -1 TS1 A Ctrl = 1

TS2 TS

50.0
B
Induction generator: TIME 1 Ctrl
BRK
1
A steady state speed of 1.013 PU will give the
following power flow. Close BRK Select 'TS2' if IC Engine torque ripple to be
P = 8.5 MW included in the simulation.
at 0.5 Second
Q = 5.1 MVAR
The steady state torque under this condition is
0.793 PU Main : Controls
TS-SELECTOR MISFIRING
Enable Cylinder TS2 TS1 Normal Misfire

Governor Model: Misfireing

1
Woodward governor model Initial output = 0.793
0 1
Speed reference
Main... w
WREF W
1.5 N(s) Tm
* 1 + sT1 G 1 TS2
SPEED D - + D(s) 17 G
1 + sT2 1 + sT sT e-sT FL IC Engine
Order = 2
F TS1 Diesel engine model to represent
1 WREF cylinder torque ripple and misfire
1.013

Nov 2004 PSCAD Transient Simulation for Power Quality Analysis 7

 Misfiring diesel engine as prime mover

 Varying torque driving induction generator

– Fluctuating output voltage
1.00
0.90
0.80

Fluctuating torque
0.70
0.60
y

0.50
0.40

13.850
13.800
13.750 Fluctuating voltage
y

13.700
13.650
13.600

Nov 2004 PSCAD Transient Simulation for Power Quality Analysis 8