Wind Power: Historical Developments Modern Technology Penetration of Wind Energy

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre
Wind Power
 Historical Developments
 Modern Technology
 Penetration of Wind Energy
Dharshana Muthumuni
May 2008
CLIMATE CHANGE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY

Extract from a ENGLISH HERITAGE report
The Earth’s climate is changing. The average global temperature has risen by 0.6
degrees Celsius since the beginning of the 20th century, taking the northern hemisphere
outside the range of average temperatures it has experienced over the last 1,000 years.
Globally, all of the 10 warmest years on record have occurred since the beginning of the
1990s, and the effects of recent warming can be seen in an increased incidence of heat-
waves, storminess and flooding, the retreat of glaciers and ice sheets, and altered
responses in plants and animals.
Although climate change is a natural and constant process, there is a strong scientific
and political consensus, internationally and within the UK, that the current increase in
average temperatures results mainly from increasing atmospheric concentrations of
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases and that these increasing concentrations are
the result, in part at least, of human influences. There is also general agreement that
average temperatures are likely to rise even faster, particularly in the second half of this
century, unless action is taken to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Under the
terms of the Kyoto Protocol, the UK pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
12.5 per cent below 1990 levels by 2008–12, with a further undertaking to reduce CO2
emissions by 20 per cent by 2010. The European Union has also endorsed the need to
reduce carbon dioxide levels in order to limit future temperature rise to 2 degrees
Celsius.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
 The Earth’s climate is changing.
 Globally, all of the 10 warmest years on record have

occurred since the beginning of the 1990s.
 Climate change is a natural and constant process, but,

increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse
gases has influenced the process.
 The need to reduce carbon dioxide levels in order to limit

future temperature rise.
WIND ENERGY
 Converting wind energy into electricity reduces the

environmental impact of power generation.
 Wind is currently the most developed of renewable energy

technologies.
WIND TURBINES
 Rapidly advancing in technology
 Ratings increased from 200 kW to 3 MW (% MW emerging)

in the last decade.
 Over 30 m blade radius
 Close to 100 m tower heights
 Wind farms integrated to the main grid

 Land sites and off shore sites
 Technology is advancing
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
 May have been in use for over

3000 years
Water pumping
Grain grinding
 First proof of use : Persia in

around 500-900 A.D.
 Wind tracking done from very early days

 Automated tracking in the 1700s
 Variable speed operation in 1700s.
American wind mill of late 1800s

 The first use of a large windmill – Ohio,1888.
 Rotor 17 meters in diameter.
 Large tail hinged to turn the rotor out of the

wind.
 First windmill to incorporate a step-up

gearbox (ratio 50:1)
 DC generator operated at 500 rpm.

1888: Brush wind turbine
Early 20th century: Electricity affected wind developments,

However,
 By 1920s air plane industry influenced

the wind blade designs.
 Aircraft wing profiles considered for
wind turbine blades
 Variable speed operation in 1700s.
!977 design with pitch mechanisms

 Bulk power generation:
 100 kW unit in Russia in 1931
1.25 MW unit in USA in 1941

 Horizontal axis
 2 Blade
 over 50 m rotor diameter
 16 ton rotor
 28 rpm, Synchronous machine.
Failed in 1945: Blades broke off due to

1.25 MW Smith-Putnam machine
metal fatigue.
 In North America the wind turbine

developments slowed down after the
1930s.
 European developments continued at an
much elevated rate.
 Oil crisis in the early 1970s injected

new life into wind power research and
development.
 Lessons and knowledge from the long

past was not all lost.
Proposed 1970s GE turbine
Different designs were considered in R&D.

Multi Mega-Watt Units:

 Developments started in the late 1980s but almost died
by early 1990s.
 The need for ‘ Green power’ :

Developments resumed in the late 1990s.
A Colorado Wind Farm

Modern Technology
 Large turbines of 5 MW
 Over 100 m Diameter
 Over 150 m tall
 Sophisticated aerodynamic
design
 Advanced technology for
off-shore installations.
 Energy cost is decreasing
Modern Technology
 Advanced material
 Lightweight, stronger
 Generator concepts
 DFIG
 PM Machine
 Control methodology
 P and Q control
 Pitching
 Wind prediction
 Transportation and
construction.
Modern Technology
Main components
Modern Technology
GE 3.6 MW
Wind speed: 3.5 – 14 – 25 m/s

DFIG : IGBT based
Speed : 8.5 – 15.3 rpm
Blade Dia: 111 m
Modern Technology
GE 3.6 MW
Modern Technology
Vestas V90
Vestas V90 – 3 MW
Wind speed: 4 – 15 – 25 m/s

DFIG : Opti-speed
Speed : 8.6 –16.1 -18.4 rpm
Blade Dia: 90 m
Modern Technology
Gamesa - G90
DFIG :
Blade Dia: 90 m
Modern Technology
Gamesa - G90  Aerodynamic primary brake by means

of full-feathering blades
 Hydraulically-activated mechanical
disc brake for emergencies
 690 V Stator
 4 pole machine
 Gear ratio - 1:120.5
 material: Pre-impregnated epoxy glass fibre with

carbon fibber
Modern Technology
Enercon – E82  Direct drive synchronous generator

 Pitch control
 Back- to- back converter grid coupled
 6- 19.5 rpm
 ‘Storm control’ feature
Penetration of Wind Power and the Challenges

Installed MW per year Total Capacity (103.MW)
(World-wide) – Approx. (World-wide) – Approx.
20000 160
18000
140
16000
120
14000
12000 100
10000 80
8000 60
6000
40
4000
20
2000
0
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2002
2000
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Penetration of Wind Power and the Challenges
 Penetration of wind power presents many challenges
 Grid integration
 Control
 Power quality
Thank you…

Wind Power: Historical Developments Modern Technology Penetration of Wind Energy

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Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

CLIMATE CHANGE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY

CLIMATE CHANGE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY

 The Earth’s climate is changing.

 Globally, all of the 10 warmest years on record have

 Climate change is a natural and constant process, but,

 The need to reduce carbon dioxide levels in order to limit

 Converting wind energy into electricity reduces the

 Wind is currently the most developed of renewable energy

 Rapidly advancing in technology

 Ratings increased from 200 kW to 3 MW (% MW emerging)

 Wind farms integrated to the main grid

 May have been in use for over

 First proof of use : Persia in

 Wind tracking done from very early days

 Variable speed operation in 1700s.

American wind mill of late 1800s

 The first use of a large windmill – Ohio,1888.

 Rotor 17 meters in diameter.

 Large tail hinged to turn the rotor out of the

 First windmill to incorporate a step-up

 DC generator operated at 500 rpm.

Early 20th century: Electricity affected wind developments,

 By 1920s air plane industry influenced

 Variable speed operation in 1700s.

!977 design with pitch mechanisms

 Bulk power generation:

 100 kW unit in Russia in 1931

1.25 MW unit in USA in 1941

Failed in 1945: Blades broke off due to

 In North America the wind turbine

 Oil crisis in the early 1970s injected

 Lessons and knowledge from the long

Different designs were considered in R&D.

Multi Mega-Watt Units:

 The need for ‘ Green power’ :

A Colorado Wind Farm

Wind speed: 3.5 – 14 – 25 m/s

Wind speed: 4 – 15 – 25 m/s

Gamesa - G90  Aerodynamic primary brake by means

 material: Pre-impregnated epoxy glass fibre with

Enercon – E82  Direct drive synchronous generator

Penetration of Wind Power and the Challenges

Penetration of Wind Power and the Challenges

 Penetration of wind power presents many challenges

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