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DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT AND
PERSONAL
DEVELOPMENT
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
Stage 4 : 2 to 3 years
AUTONOMY Can I do these things? Develop self control Ability to cooperate
Vs. SHAME and and sense of to express oneself
DOUBT independence
without self esteem
Do I have the ability to Failure will result in
express myself? feelings of shame
THE EIGHT PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
STAGE ISSUES SOCIAL OUTCOMES
CONDITIONS
Stage 3: 3 to 5 years
Can I be independent? Opportunity; Develops sense of
INITIATIVE encouragement purpose
vs. Am I good? Lack of opportunity; Feels guilty
GUILT Am I bad? negative feelings
Stage 4 : 6 to 11 years
INDUSTRY Do I have the skills to Good education Becomes industrious ;
vs. adjust? training; good models develops self
INFERIORITY confidence
Am I already competent? Lack of training / Develop sense of
Am I worthy or not? direction/ support inferiority.
THE EIGHT PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
STAGE ISSUES SOCIAL CONDITIONS OUTCOMES
Stage 5: 12 to 18 years ( ADOLESCENCE)
IDENTITY Who am I? Clear sex models; good Develops identity
vs. sense of stability;
IDENTITY positive feedback
DIFFUSION What are my beliefs? Confusing purpose ; Identity crisis, role
values? feelings? vague expectations ; confusion
unclear feedback
Jean Piaget
STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’s MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Lawrence Kohlberg (1927- 1987) studied how children
understand what is right and wrong a, and how they develop a
sense of morality. But what is morality ? Weiten defines is as
the “ ability to distinguish right from wrong and to behave
accordingly. Kohlberg recognized the role of cognitive ability
in developing moral reasoning of children.
STAGES OF MORAL REASONING
LEVEL STAGES ORIENTATION
PRECONVENTIONAL Stage 1 : Punishment/ Deciding what is right or
LEVEL Obedience Orientation. wrong is based on what
action is punished. The
There is recognition of child obeys to avoid
authority who gives punishment.
punishment and reward. Stage 2 : Mutual benefit Deciding what is right and
“ Reward Orientation” wrong is based on what is
rewarded.
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL Stage 3: Social Approval Deciding what is right or
“Good Boy- Good Girl wrong is based on what
There is understanding that orientation others approve or
there are rules to follow to disapprove of.
be accepted and to Stage 4: Law and Order Deciding what is right or
maintain order. “Authority Orientation” wrong is based on the rules
that should be followed.
STAGES OF MORAL REASONING
LEVEL STAGES ORIENTATION
POSTCONVENTIONAL Stage 5: “Social Contract Deciding what is right or
LEVEL Orientation wrong is based on laws;
however one recognizes
There is flexibility in that they can change. An
accepting the rules. An individual acts based on
individual may not what will be good for the
necessarily accept or follow majority.
the given rules as he / she Stage 6: Universal Ethical Deciding what is right and
develops his/her own Principle wrong is based on
personal code ethics. universal principles. One
look into one’s
conscience, pursues
justice and seek equality
at all cost.
“Morality is the ability to see
An issue from point of view
Of others than just
Your own”
Lawrence Kohlberg