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“Introduced the idea that their mistakes were due

to not engaging properly with a class of


entities he called, Forms.”
PLATO’S LIFE AND WORKS
Born 427 BCE, Died 347 BCE

An ancient Greek philosopher

A student of Socrates
Teacher of Aristotle
He is the founder of the academy, best known as
“Academy of Athens”

The author of Philosophical works of unparallel influence in


western thought.

His writings explore:


JUSTICE, BEAUTY AND EQUALITY

His school fostered research not just in philosophy narrowly conceived but
in wide range of endeavours that today would be called MATHEMATICAL
OR SCIENTIFIC.
PLATO’S
FAMILY

ARISTON PERICTIONE
Claimed descent from the Related to the lawgiver Solon.
god Poseidon Remarried to her uncle,
“Pyrilampes”

Glaucon Adeimantus Plato Potone Antiphon


Portrayed as
intrelocutors in Plato’s He was named for Half brother,
masterpiece the his grandfather, figures in the
Republic. Parmenides.
“Aristocles”
PLATO’S THEORY OF HUMAN NATURE
 “one of the first to argue that systematic use of our reason can show us the best
way to live.”
 influenced by SOCRATES.
 He wrote extensively and in a series of dialogues.

• Most famous dialogue.


• Those who think they know the meaning of justice.
REPUBLIC • Best form of government, best life to live, the nature of knowledge, as well as family,
education, psychology and more.

CHARMIDES • Moderation

LACHES • Courage
THEAETETUS • Knowledge

MENO • Virtue

EUTHYPHRO • piety

SYMPOSIUM • love
REASONS (logos)- principle that organizes the world from pre-existing
matter.

KNOWLEDGE- an active process through which we can organize and


classify our perceptions.

FORMS- ideas or concepts which have atleast 4 aspects:


LOGICAL METAPHYSICAL

EPISTEMOLOGICAL MORAL
• any word, except proper names and pronouns, refers to a
form.

• Nomalists argue that words simply name things, has no universal


concepts existing over and above individuals.
Platonic realists argue that universal forms really exist independently
and individual things are x’s because they participate in the form of xness.
• Believed that forms are ultimately real;

• Unchanging forms are more real than


individuals.

• Individual material things are known by the


senses, whereas forms are known by the intellect.

• Forms are real, independent existence-there is a


world of forms.
EPISTEMOLOGICAL MORAL

Ideals of human
“Knowledge is of
conduct, moral
forms, perceptions in
concepts like
this world lead only to
JUSTICE, EQUALITY
belief or opinion.
are forms.

“Let no one The most


ignorant of prominent of all the
geometry enter forms is the form of
here.” the “good.”
BODY MIND SOUL
- Physical part - Directed -driving force of
-concerned only towards the the body.
with the heavenly realm -gives our
material world. of Ideas. identity.
-Immortal.
-able to
-experience elf- understand the -“Intellect” is
gratification. external world immortal. The
of forms. mot divine part
-it is mortal. of the soul.
• DUALIST;
there is both immaterial mind (soul) and material
body.

• The SOUL knows the forms.


• He believed that soul exists before birth and after death.
• Soul or Mind attains knowledge of the forms, as opposed
to the senses.
• “ We should care about our soul rather than our body.”
REASON APPETITE WILL

Emotion, passion,
spirit.
Rational thinking. Physical urges.
The source of love, anger,
indignation, ambition,
aggression, etc.
Individuals dominated Dominated by
Dominated by appetite
by reason seeks are spirit/will/emotion are
are profit loving and
philosophical and seek victory loving and seek
seek material gain.
knowledge. reputation.
He said, “Reason uses the will to control the appetites.”

He emphasized the social aspect of human nature; We are:


 Not self-sufficient
 Need others
 Benefit from our social interactions
 From other person’s talent, aptitudes and friendship.

“There is a parallel between proper functioning individuals


and proper functioning societies. Good societies help
produce good people who in turn help prudocue good
societies, while bad societies tend to produce bad
individuals who in turn help produce bad societies.”
MERITOCRACY OLIGGARCHY-
TIMARCHIC SOCIETY
- talented rule. Degenerate into money-making is valued nad
-values honor and fame. political power lies with the
increasingly bad forms. wealthy.

ANARCHY
DEMOCRACY - total lack of government and
- poor seize power. the sequel to the
permissiveness and sel-
indulgence of democracy.
“A good life requires not just a certain kind of
knowledge, but also habituation to healthy emotional
responses and harmony between the three parts of
the soul.”
- Plato

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