The Origin and

Evolution of the
Universe
How did the
universe
evolve?
 Evolution

-biological origin of things

 Evolution

-process of formation of
planets, stars, galaxies and
universe
Cosmology

Study of the origin of the

universe
 View of from
Milky Way Galaxy
Hubble.
(Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/
Planets2013.svg/2000px-Planets2013.svg.png)
 How old do you
think is the universe?
 Did you know that
the universe is at
least 13.8 billion years
old?
 How old do you
think is the Earth
Solar System?
 Did you know that
the Earth Solar
System is at least 4.5-
4.6 billion years old?
 How would you
describe the
composition of the
universe?
Composition and
Structure of the
Universe
 It is composed of

4.6 % Baryonic
Matter
 Baryonic
Matter

“ordinary” matter consisting of

protons, electrons, and neutrons:
atoms, planets, stars, galaxies,
nebulae, and other bodies
 Baryonic
Matter

-should only include

matter composed of
baryons
 Baryonic
Matter
Clouds of cold gas
Planets
Comets and asteroids
Stars
Neutron stars
Black holes
It is composed of

24 % Cold Matter
 Cold Matter

-"stuff" out there in the

universe that can't be
detected through normal
observational means
 Cold Matter

-matter that has gravity but

does not emit light
 It is composed of

71.4 % Dark
Energy
 Dark Energy

-also known as
"quintessence," after the
fifth element of the
Greek philosophers
 Dark Energy

-a source of anti-gravity
 Dark Energy

-it is a new kind of dynamical

energy fluid or field, something that
fills all of space but something
whose effect on the expansion of
the universe is the opposite of that
of matter and normal energy
 Dark Energy

-holds galaxies together

for the reason that the
low total mass is
insufficient for gravity
alone to do so
 Dark Energy

Dark matter is likely to be causing the arcs seen

around the central galaxies in this image, making a
smiling face.
 Hypothesis
Explaining the
Origin of the
Universe
 What is the
difference between
hypothesis and
paradox?
 Hypothesis

-a supposition or proposed
explanation made on the basis
of limited evidence as a starting
point for further investigation
 Hypothesis

synonyms: theory, theorem, thesis,

conjecture, supposition,
postulation, postulate, proposition,
premise, assumption
 Paradox

-a statement or proposition that, despite

sound (or apparently sound) reasoning from
acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion
that seems senseless, logically
unacceptable, or self-contradictory
ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE
 Activity 1
Origin of the
Universe

On a ½ crosswise paper,
construct a theory
regarding the origin of the
universe.
 Activity 1
Origin of the
Universe

Identify the name

of the theory.
 Activity 1
Origin of the
Universe

Discuss the theory

in 5-7 sentences
ONLY.
 Activity 1
Theory of Origin of the
Universe

Name of Theory:
__________________________
Statement of the Theory:
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
______
Non-scientific
Thought
 Non-scientific
Thought

Ancient Egyptians believed

in many gods and myths
which narrate that the world
arose from an infinite sea at
the first rising of the sun.
 Non-scientific
Thought

The Kuba people of Central

Africa tell the story of a creator
god Mbombo (or Bumba) who,
alone in a dark and water-
covered Earth, felt an intense
stomach pain and then vomited
the stars, sun, and moon.
 Non-scientific
Thought

In India, there is the

narrative that gods sacrificed
Purusha, the primal man
whose head, feet, eyes, and
mind became the sky, earth,
sun, and moon respectively.
 Non-scientific
Thought

The monotheistic religions of

Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam claim that a supreme
being created the universe,
including man and other
living organisms.
 Olber’s Paradox
(Heinrich Wilhelm Olber)

The Universe has

no boundaries in
space or time.
How did the
universe start
based on the
Expanding Theory?
Video on the Origin of
the Universe
 Expanding Theory

Galaxies are moving away

from each other, hence as
evidence for an expanding
universe.
(1929, Edwin Hubble)
Expanding Theory
What are some
evidences that
galaxies are
moving away
from each
other?
 Expanding Theory
(Red Shift Theory)

-spectral lines of starlight made

to pass through a prism, are
shifted toward the red part of
the electromagnetic spectrum
How does the life
of a star affect
the expansion of
the universe?
 Star

-the building block of galaxies

born out of clouds of gas and
dust in galaxies
 Protostar

-the core of a future star

as thermonuclear
reactions set in
 What happen to stars,
when instabilities within
clouds eventually
results into gravitational
collapse, rotation and
increase in
temperature?
 Thermonuclear
Reactions

-a nuclear fusion reaction

responsible for the energy
produced by stars
Why is it that
the Expanding
Theory is also
known as Red
Shift Theory?
• What is Doppler
Effect?

• How can Doppler

Effect, explain the
expansion of the
universe?
 Doppler Effect
-an increase (or
decrease) in the
frequency of sound,
light, or other waves as
the source and
observer move toward
(or away from) each
other
Doppler Effect
 Expanding Theory
(Red Shift Theory)

spectral lines of starlight made to

pass through a prism are shifted
toward the red part of the
electromagnetic spectrum
(toward the band of lower frequency; thus,
the inference that the star or galaxy must
be moving away from us)
 Summative Test 2

On a ½ sheet of paper,
discuss your answer in
5-7 sentences ONLY.
 Summative Test 2
What are manifestations
in the environment or in
our planet, that will
prove that the universe
is continually expanding?
Cosmic Microwave Background
 Cosmic Microwaves

-radiation from
around 400,000
years after the start
of the Universe
Cosmic Microwave Background

-one of the most

conclusive pieces
of evidence in favor
of the Big Bang
Cosmic Microwave Background

Its accidental discovery in

1964 by Arno Penzias
and Robert Woodrow
Wilson earned them the
physics Nobel Prize in
1978.
Cosmic Microwave Background

There is a pervasive
cosmic microwave
background (CMB)
radiation in the
universe.
 Cosmic Background

There are strikingly uniform

faint glow in the microwave
band coming from all directions
with an average temperature of
about 2.7 degrees above zero
temperature.
 Cosmic Microwaves
*The CMB is so bright
at millimeter-
wavelengths that if you
de-tune an old
analogue TV to show
the snow-like static, a
few percent of the
signal your TV is
picking up will have
come from the start of
the Universe.
CMB Map
 Steady State Theory

-first put forward in 1948 by

British scientists Sir Hermann
Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Sir
Fred Hoyle
Steady State Theory
 Steady State Theory

Universe is always expanding

but maintaining a constant
average density, with matter
being continuously created
to form new stars and
galaxies.
Video on Big Bang
 Big Bang Theory

The Universe starts

with a small
singularity, then
inflating over the
next 13.8 billion
years.
 Big Bang Theory

-postulates that 13.8

billion years ago, the
universe expanded
from a tiny, dense and
hot mass to its present
size and much cooler
state
 What
does
“Bang” in
Big Bang
Theory
mean?
 Misconception:
The “bang” should not be taken
as an explosion; it is better
thought of a simultaneous
appearance of space
everywhere. The theory does
not identify the cause of the
“bang.”
 What are
the
significant
events that
happened
during Big
Bang?
 What are the
similarities and
differences between
Steady State and Big
Bang?
SUMMARY…
 Summative Test 3
Origin of the
Universe (20/20)

-½ crosswise piece of
paper
- 7 to 10 sentences
ONLY
 Summative Test 3
Origin of the
Universe (20/20)

Among all the theories

regarding the Origin of the
Universe, which is the MOST
valid and acceptable?
Explain your answer.
 PETA 2
Origin & Fate of the
Universe

Create a poster following

the theme;
Origin and Fate of the
Universe.
 PETA 2
Origin & Fate of the
Universe

Be ready to discuss it in
front of the class for 5
minutes. Choose 2
representatives.