STRUCTURE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

THREE STOREY INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING

BATHINDA

SUBMITTED TO:
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
GIANI ZAIL SINGH CAMPUS COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

UNDER GUIDANCE OF: ER. GAGANPREET KAUR

SUBMITTED BY:

AVNEET MAAN (1313497)

DIVYA SAINI (1313502)
LAKSHAY GOYAL (1313512)
MANMOHAN SINGH (1313513)
SUDIKSHA KAUSHIK (1313528)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have done design and analysis of three storied institutional building, Bathinda as major
project in 6th Semester for the award of degree of B. Architecture from P.T.U. G.Z.S. campus
Bathinda .

This project held us understands the intricacies of multi-story building. We are very
grateful to Er. Gaganpreet Kaur, our project guide for her valuable guidance which helped
us in completing this project her approach to structural design and way of explaining is
quite helpful for our carrier in this field..

Our gratitude to Ar.Bhupinderpal Singh, H.O.D(Architecture) for giving such opportunity to

work on this major project.

Our heartily thanks to our parents without who’s blessings this project was impossible.

Avneet Maan (1313497)

Divya Saini (1313502)
Lakshay goyal (1313512)
Manmohan Singh (1313513)
Sudiksha Kaushik (1313528)
 CONTENTS

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

 CHAPTER 2
LOAD CALCULATIONS
Vertical
Horizontal

 CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS OF FRAME

 CHAPTER 4
DESIGNING

 CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURAL PLANNING

Structure planning is a tool for managing the effects and demands of development or
redevelopment of larger areas held in multiple ownership in an integrated, holistic and
orderly way.
It is an effective means to achieve sustainable management of natural and physical
resources, particularly in an urban context.
Structure planning is a tool for managing the effects and demands of development or
redevelopment of larger areas held in multiple ownership in an integrated, holistic and
orderly way. It is an effective means to achieve sustainable management of natural and
physical resources, particularly in an urban context.

DEFINING A STRUCTURAL PLAN

A structure plan is a framework to guide the development or redevelopment of an area

by defining the future development and land use patterns, areas of open space, the
layout and nature of infrastructure (including transportation links), and other key
features and constraints that influence how the effects of development are to be
managed.
OBJECTIVES
The Objectives of the Project are:-
 Carrying out a complete analysis and design of the main structural
elements of a multi-storey building including slabs, columns, shear walls and
foundations

 Getting familiar with structural softwares ( AutoCAD)

 Getting real life experience with engineering practices

APPROACH
 Obtaining an architectural design of a regular
residential multi-storey building.
 Establishing the structural system for the ground, and repeated floors of
the building.
 The design of column, wind resisting system, and type of foundations
will be determined taking into consideration the architectural drawing.

TYPES OF BUILDINGS

 Apartment building Apartment buildings are multi-story buildings where

three or more residences are contained within one structure.
 Office building The primary purpose of an office building is to provide a
workplace and working environment for administrative workers.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Slabs
Columns
Shear walls
Foundations

FLAT SLAB DETAILS

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF A CONCRETE SLAB

Slab thickness = 23 cm
Concrete compressive strength = 30 Mpa
Modules of elasticity of concrete = 200 Gpa
Yielding strength of steel = 420 Mpa
Combination of loads (1.4Dead Load + 1.6 Live Load)
SLAB
Slabs are plane structural members whose thickness is quite small as
compared to its dimentions. Slabs are most frequently used as roof covering
and floors.

Generally slabs are classified into two types

One way slab

Two way slab

One way slab

One way slab is provided when the ratio of the length of the room to its
width is greater than or equal to 2. In this case the bending take place only in
one direction i.e. Along shorter span.
FLAT SLAB

Flat Slab Analysis and Design

Analyzing of flat slab mainly is done to find

1.Shear forces.
2.Bending moment.
3.Deflected shape.
4.Reactions at supports.
COLUMNS

It is a vertical structural member supporting axial compressive loads, with or

with-out moments.
Support vertical loads from the floors and roof and transmit these loads to the
foundation.

TYPES OF COLUMNS
• Tied Columns
Over 95% of all columns in building in non-seismic
regions are tied columns
• Spiral Columns
Spiral columns are generally circular. It makes the
column more ductile.
STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE

 The limiting steel ratio ranges between 1 % to 8 %

 The concrete strength is between 25 MPa to 45 Mpa

 Reinforcing steel strength is between 400 MPa to 500MPA

GUIDELINES FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

1. Long reinforcement
 Min. Bar diameter Ø12
 Min. Concrete covers 40 mm
 Min. 4 bars in case of tied rectangular or circular
 Maximum distance between bars = 250 mm

2. Short reinforcement ( stirrups)

Least of:
 (16)×diameter of long bars
 Least dimension of column
 (48)×diameter of ties
LOADS AND FORCES
In structural design account shall be taken of dad load,imposed load,and
wind load and forces such as those caused by earthquakes or
shrinkages,creep,temperature,etc,where applicable.

DEAD LOAD

Dead load shall be calculated on the basis of unit weight which shall be
established taken into account the material specified for the construction.
Alternatively dead load shall be calculated on the basis of unit weight of the
material given in is 875(part-1) unless more accurate calculation are
warranted,unit weight of plain concrete and reinforced concrete made of
sand ,gravel or crushed natural stone aggregates may be taken as 24kn/m
and 25 kn/m respectively.

Imposed load,wind load,snow loads

Imposed load,wind load and snow loads shall be assumed in accordance
with is 875(part 2,part 3,part 5)

Earthquake forces
Earthquake loads shall be calculates in accordance with is 1893
DEAD LOADS COUNTEREACTING OTHER FORCES AND
LOADS

When dead loads countereact effects due to other forces in structural

members and joints. Special care shall be taken by the designer to ensure
adequate safety and interest for possible stress reversal.

DESIGN LOAD
Design load is to be taken in for use in appropriate method of design,it is
characterstic load in case of working stress safety factor for design.

COMBINATION OF LOADS
The combination of loads shall be in accordance with is 875
SHRINKAGE CREEP AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
If the effects of shrinkage,creep and temperature are liable to afect materially
the safety and serviceability of the structure,these shall be taken into account
for the calculation.In ordinary building,whose lateral dimentions not exceed
45m,the effexts due to fluctuations of shrinkage,creep and temperature can be
ignored in the calculations
.
OTHER FORCES AND EFFECTS
In addition account shall be taken of the following mention forces and effects if
they are liable to affect materially the safety and the serviceabilty of the
structure.
Foundation movement
Elastic axial shortening
Solid and fluid pressure
Vibration
Fatigue
Impact
Erection load
Stress concentration and effect due to the load.
.
ISSUES THAT MAY BE MANAGED THROUGH A STRUCTURE
PLAN INCLUDE:
1. Urban consolidation and greenfield expansion
2. The type and location of land uses that will be permitted, including
development type, density and staging
3. Multi-modal transport links and connectivity (such as roading , rail, sea and
air links, public transport, cycle and pedestrian access)
4. The location, type, scale and staging of infrastructure required to service an
area, including stormwater , water and sewerage
5. Integration of new development and growth with infrastructure and existing
urban development
6. Landscape character and amenity
7. Reserves and open space networks
8. Natural hazards
9. The provision of community facilities
10. The protection of sites, features or values (which may be cultural, ecological,
historical or amenity related)
11. Areas of contamination
12. Provision and location of network utilities.
 CHAPTER 2
LOAD CALCULATIONS
 VERTICAL
 HORIZONTAL
 CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS OF FRAME
KANI’S METHOD OF ANALYSIS
The following steps determine the moments: The ends of beam, say A and
B of the member are first regarded as fixed. Corresponding to this condition
the fixed end moments Mab at A and Mba at B are determined.
Now maintaining the fixity of the end B, the end A is rotated through an
angle ‘xxa’ by the application of the moment 2M’ab at A. For this condition
a moment of Mab is induced at B. This moment Mab is called the rotation
contribution of the end A.
The end A is considered as the fixed end and B is rotated through an angle
‘xxb’ by the application of moment 2Mab at B. For this condition a moment
of Mba is induced.
This moment Mba is called the rotation contribution of the end B.

Mab = Mab + 2 Mab + Mba

Mba = Mba + 2 Mba + Mab
 CHAPTER 4
STRUCTURE DESIGN
DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT

Based on the requirements of reinforcement calculated above, the detailing of

flexural reinforcement in the various middle strips and edge strips. For
practical convenience, only three bar spacings. The detailing is in conforming
to requirements specified.
Nominal top steel ( % of bottom steel ) is provided at the discontinuous edges
against possible negative moments due to partial fixity.

TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT AT CORNERS

AS=s required by the code, the reinforcement is provided in the form of a

mesh, extending over a distance of 0.21 X beyond the face of the supporting
wall. The bars are provided as U – shaped ( i.e. with the mesh extending over
top and bottom)
At the extreme corner of the slab system, required spacing of 8 mm φ bars =
4/3 X 220 = 293mm – over a distance 0.2 X 3103 = 620 mm
Provide 3 nos. 8mm φ U – shaped bars in both directions at the extreme
corner of slab system over a distance 620mm X 620mm
The area of steel required at the other corners, where torsional reinforcement
is required, is half of the above requirement. However provide 3 no. φ bars at
top and bottom. .
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ONE WAY CONTINOUS
SLABS

Calculate Factored Dead Load Imposed Load slab.

Calculate maximum bending moment and shear force according to clause 22.5
of code IS : 456 : 2000 by considering bending moment coefficients and shear
force coefficients.

Calculate effective depth of slab from formula specified in code.

M = 0.137 Fck bd2

where
MU = Maximum bending moment
F = Concrete strength
d = Effective depth of slab
b = Width of strip of slab

Calculate area of steel according to formula specified in the code

MU = 0.87 Fy At( d- (FyAt / Fckb))

where
Mu = Maximum bending moment
Fck= Concrete strength
Fy=Strength of steel
d = Effective depth of slab
b = Width of strip of slab
At =Area of steel

Calculate area of temperature reinforcement equal to 0.15 % of the gross

concrete area which will be provided in the longitudinal direction.

Check for shear

Calculate nominal shear stress according to formula :

TV = VU /bd
Where VU = factored shear force

Calculate percent of tension steel 100 AS /bd

(c) Calculate TC ( Design shear strength of concrete) as per the table 19 of IS
: 456 :2000
(d) Calculate value of TC X k, where value of k taken from clause 40.2.1.1 of IS
:456:2000
Check for deflection

(e) Calculate L/d ratio

Where L = length of short span

d = effective depth of span
(f) Calculate the value of α β ϒ δ λ according to clause 23.2 of IS : 456 : 2000
(g) L/d ratio must be less than or equal to product of α β ϒ δ λ
(h) Provide sufficient development length and anchorage length.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ONE WAY SLAB
Here only difference is that calculate
Maximum Bending moment at centre of shorter span = WU 12/8
Maximum shear force = WU lc/2
Where WU = factored dead load + live load
Lc = length of shorter span

Rests of the design steps are same as one way continuous slab.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR TWO WAY SLABS

Two way slab is designed in two types

When corners of slab not held down
When corners of slab held down

When corners of slab not held down

Calculate moments along short span MX and along long span MY

MX = αX W lX 2
MY = αY W lX 2
Where αX and αY are coefficients depends upon LY/ LX according to Table 26 of IS :
456 : 2000
Provide steel along longitudinal as well as transverse direction according to
calculated moments.
Check for shear force at short edge
Maximum shear force = ½ w Lx
Where Lx = clear short span

Similar check can be made at long edges. The slab should be checked in deflection
and modification be made if necessary.
When corners of slab held down

The code considers a slab as divided in each direction into middle strip and
edge strip. The width of middle strip is ¾ of the span and that of the edge is 1/8
th of the span in each direction.

The moments in middle strip are given as follows :

MX = βx W lx2
MY = βY W lx2
where βx and βY are coefficients depends on LY /LX according to table 26 of IS :
456 : 2000
Reinforcement in edge strips given as 0.12 %
Corner reinforcement is equal to 75 % of area required for maximum mid span
moment.
DESIGN OF FOUNDATION

DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING FOR C1

Size of Column = 350mm X 350mm

PU= 773.679 KN
MUX = 149.73 KN-m
Safe bearing capacity of soil at the depth of 1.25 m is = 110 KN/m2

SIZE OF FOOTING

Required eccentricity between column centroid and footing centroid = MU/PU

= 193.53 mm
Assuming the weight of footing + backfill to constitute 10 %
Of the ultimate load and assuming load factor of 1.5
Base Area Required = 5.16 m2
For Economical Proportion, the cantilever projections should be approximately equal
in to directions.
Provide L = B = 2.271 m 2 = 2.3 m2 = 2300 mm2
With the column offset by 193.53 mm this result in cantilever projectons 670mm
and 500 mm and in two dirctions.

THICKNESS OF FOOTING BASED ON SHEAR

Factored Soil Pressure qu = PU/ Area of Footing

146.3 KN/m2 or 0.146 KN/mm2
ONE – WAY SHEAR
The critical sections located away from the column face.
VU= 0.146 X 2300 (975 – d)
Assuming τC= 0.36Mpa for M 20 grade of concrete with nominal % of steel 0.25 %
VC =0.36 x 2300 d
VC =828 d N

Comparing, VU≤ VC
D = 193.56 mm say D = 194 mm

TWO – WAY SHEAR

The critical sections located (d/2) away from the column periphery all around.
VU= 0.14625 X ( 23002- ( 350 + d)2)
VU = 730397 N

TWO WAY SHEAR RESISTANCE

τC = KS X 0.25 √fckwhere KS= 1

τC = 1.118 Mpa
VU = 1.118 ((300 +d) 4d)
VU = 1341.64d + 4.472 d2
Cpmparing, VU ≤ VC
D = 281.047

Hence one way shear governs the thickness. As the footing and th one way shear
requirement is equally applicable in both directions, the d calculated may be
taken as average depth : (dx + dy) / 2.

D ≥ 281 mm
Provide D = 280 and consider the average effective depth
d = 193 mm while designing for flexure.
DESIGN OF FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT

Maximum cantilever projection = 975 mm ( From the face of column )

MU= 0.1463 x 5158 X 975 ) 2/ 2
= 358553463.9 N or 358.558 X 10 6KNm
R = (Mu / bd2) = 1.866 Mpa
Ptreqd/100 = 0.0059
Pt = 0.25 has been assumed for one way shear strength
Accordingly, AST = 2488.67
Numbers of bars 12 dia. In both directions
Provide 10 nos. 12 dia bars in both directions 564 mm – available
Development length required = 47.0 φ

TRANSFER OF FORCE AT COLUMN BASE

Factored compressive force at the column base = 773.7 KN
Limiting bearing stress at column footing interface ,fbr= 0.45 fck(√A1/A2)
For the column face, A1 = A2= 350 X 300 mm2
fbr= 12.2 Mpa
For footing face, A1 = 2300 m2
A2 = 350 m2
fbr= 0.45 fck(√A1/A2)
= 23.07Mpa

Limiting Bearing Resistance fbr

 CONCLUSION

The project was taken in the month of JAN-APRIL 2016 . The architectural drawings
were procured and idealization of the structure was carried out. After the idealization
of the structure, load calculations were done after deciding the material and grade of
the construction. Considering whether the slab is one way or two-way the load
distribution carried out. The load calculations and its distributions were followed by
analysis of frames by using kani’s method of analysis. This was done for all the frames
moments and shear forces obtained from the analysis were further used for the
design of components of the structural members in the design taking code IS-456 as
reference and structural drawing were prepared using auto CAD.
During the project we learnt the very basics of design and analysis of building, which
infused us with lot of confidence and time management. We learnt about joint
details, precautions for earthquakes and detailing of reinforcement. The things learnt
during this project would surely help us in our carrier.
So, at the end it was concluded that the structure so designed was safe according to
all load combinations and to all the necessary checks being performed like shear,
minimum and maximum reinforcement, slenderness ratio, etc.
Structure is safe according to the coded requirements.