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12.

4 – Measures of Position
Percentiles
A percentile measure the position of a single data item based
on the percentage of data items below that single data item.
Standardized tests taken by larger numbers of students,
convert raw scores to a percentile score.
If approximately n percent of the items in a distribution are
less than the number x, then x is the nth percentile of the
distribution, denoted Pn.
12.4 – Measures of Position
Percentiles
Example:
The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math
class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72
74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82 84
86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100
Find the fortieth percentile.
40% = 0.4 The average of the 12th and 13th items
0.4(30) represents the 40th percentile (P40).
12 40% of the scores were below 74.5.
12.4 – Measures of Position
Other Percentiles: Deciles and Quartiles
Deciles are the nine values (denoted D1, D2,…, D9) along the
scale that divide a data set into ten (approximately) equal
parts.
10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%

Quartiles are the three values (Q1, Q2, Q3) that divide the data
set into four (approximately) equal parts.
25%, 50%, and 75%
12.4 – Measures of Position
Other Percentiles: Deciles and Quartiles
Example: Deciles
The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math
class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72
74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82 84
86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100
Find the sixth decile.
Sixth decile = 60% The average of the 18th and 19th items
represents the 6 th decile (D ).
60% = 0.6 6

0.6(30) 60% of the scores were at or below 82.


18
12.4 – Measures of Position
Other Percentiles: Deciles and Quartiles
Quartiles
For any set of data (ranked in order from least to greatest):
The second quartile, Q2 (50%) is the median.
The first quartile, Q1 (25%) is the median of items below Q2.
The third quartile, Q3 (75%) is the median of items above Q2.
12.4 – Measures of Position
Other Percentiles: Deciles and Quartiles
Example: Quartiles
The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math
class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72
74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82 84
86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100
Find the three quartiles.
Q1= 25% The 8th item represents the 1st quartile
25% = 0.25 (Q1)
0.25(30) 25% of the scores were below 72.
7.5
12.4 – Measures of Position
Other Percentiles: Deciles and Quartiles
Example: Quartiles
The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math
class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72
74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82 84
86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100
Find the three quartiles.
Q2= 50% = median The average of the 15th and 16th items
represents the 2 nd quartile (Q ) or the
50% = 0.5 2

0.5(30) median
15 50% of the scores were below 78.5.
12.4 – Measures of Position
Other Percentiles: Deciles and Quartiles
Example: Quartiles
The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math
class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72
74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82 84
86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100
Find the three quartiles.
Q3= 75% The 23rd item represents the 3rd quartile
75% = 0.75 (Q3)
0.75(30) 75% of the scores were below 88.
22.5
12.4 – Measures of Position
Box Plots
A box plot or a box and whisker plot is a visual display of five
statistical measures.
The five statistical measures are:
the lowest value,
the first quartile, the median, the third quartile,
the largest value.
the lowest the largest
value value
12.4 – Measures of Position
Box Plots
Example:
The following are test scores (out of 100) for a particular math class.
44 56 58 62 64 64 70 72 72 72
74 74 75 78 78 79 80 82 82 84
86 87 88 90 92 95 96 96 98 100
Q1= 25% = 72 Q2= 50% = median= 78.5 Q3= 75%= 88
Lowest = 44 Largest = 100

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