Anomalous Hall effect

By
Gaurav kumar shukla
Research Scholar
School of Materials Science and Technology
IIT(BHU) VARANASI
 OUTLINES

1. Anomalous Hall effect

2. Origin Of AHE and different type of Scattering

3. Berry phase

4. AHE in Co3SnS2

5. AHE in Mn3Ge

6. Newly predicted AHE compound

 Anomalous Hall effect

In conducting ferromagnetic material ,In addition to normal hall

resistivity there is anomalous hall resistivity which depend upon
magnetization of material.

There is also anomalous effect without applying external

magnetic field.
Continue…..

Three mechanism are responsible for Spin magnetization…….

Spin orbit interraction-

1.Skew Scattering

2.Side Jump

3.Berry phase
 Skew Scattering

The Skew scattering effect arises due to the scattering of electron by

spin orbit interraction of impurities.

Spin chilarity also results the Skew Scattering-

Spin chilarity is the solid angle sustained by the three spin. The
chilarity results fictious magnetic field and this magnetic field
provide transverse velocity of the electron.
When the electrons hop between the magnetic atoms with a
noncoplanar magnetic texture, it acquires a finite Berry phase that
acts as an effective magnetic field.

In this mechanism, because of the noncoplanar spin structures,

the AHE appears even in antiferromagnets.
 Side jump Scattering

The Centre of Mass of wave packet undergoes the discontinuous and

finite displacement due to central potential field in presence of the
SOC.
CONTINUED…..

The direction of displacement with respect to the original trajectory

depends on the spin direction.
In case of skew scattering The hall resistivity propositional

to the , and for jump scattering the hall resistivity depends

Upon the square of the hall resistivity in x direction .

The side-jump mechanism could be viewed as a consequence

of a KL anomalous velocity mechanism acting while a
quasiparticle was under the influence of the electric field due
to an impurity.
 Berry Phase
It is totally intrinsic phenomenon related to band structure
in momentum space and does not depend upon defect or
disorder in the system.

When the electronic wavefunction complete one cycle in presence

of adiabatic Hamiltonian it gain a phase which results a fictious
magnetic field and responsible for transverse motion.

The Hamiltonian is the function of the position ,momentum

and the wavelength associated with electron.
Berry phase intrinsic property of the occupied electronic states.

It takes non zero value where time reversal symmetry is breaking .

eg. Ferromagnet or magnetic moment present in system.

Berry curvature vanishes for conventional antiferromagnets with

colinear moments, thereby resulting in zero AHE.

Berry phase in antiferromagnets with a non colinear spin

arrangement was recently predicted to lead to a large AHE.
 Weyl points

The energy-level crossing of a Hamiltonian can lead to an object

that behaves as a magnetic monopole.

Weyl points are such crossings and they behave as the sinks and
sources of Berry curvature.

The Berry curvature is the equivalent of the magnetic field in

momentum space that illustrates the entanglement between the
valence and conduction bands in the band structure .

Anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC) is proportional to the distance

between the pair of Weyl points.
Giant anomalous Hall effect in a ferromagnetic kagome-lattice
semimetal

Co3SnS2 is a half metallic ferromagnet below Tc 177 K in which spin

-minority are gapped.

Fig 1:Structure of semimetal Fig2: Resistivity Vs temperature

Ref:Enke liu &Yan sun. Giant AHE in FM semimetal. Nat.Mater. 018-0234(2017)

Fig:1
Unit cell in a hexagonal setting. The cobalt atoms form a ferromagnetic
kagome lattice with a C3z-rotation.
Fig:2
The longitudinal electric resistivity(ρ) decreases with decreasing
temperature, showing a kink at Tc = 175 K and a moderate residual
resistivity of approximately 50 μΩ cm at 2 K.

Negative magnetoresistance appears around the Curie temperature

owing to the spin dependent scattering in magnetic systems.

Fig 3; Mgnatoresistance vs Temperature

 In a high field of 9 T, a negative magnetoresistance appears around
the Curie temperature owing to the spin-dependent scattering in
magnetic systems.

This behaviour is further demonstrated by the field-dependent

resistance.

Importantly, the positive magnetoresistance shows no signature of

saturation even up to 14 T, which is typical of a semimetal.

Fig:3 Band structure of Semimetal

Angle dependence of magnetoresistance at 2 K

Fig:4 Magnatoconductance plot

Fig:3 magnatoresistance plot

Ref:Enke liu &Yan sun. Giant AHE in FM semimetal. Nat.Mater. 018-0234(2017)

 For B ⊥ I // x // [2110] (θ = 90°), the magnatoresistance curve shows
a positive ,non saturated value up to 14 Tesla.

The magnetoresistance decreases rapidly with decreasing angle.

A negative magnetoresistance appears when B // I // x // [2110]

and θ=00

Fig 4 shows the Magnetoconductance at 2 K in both cases of B ⊥ I

and B // I.
 Transport measurement

Ref:Enke liu &Yan sun. Giant AHE in FM semimetal. Nat.Mater. 018-0234(2017)

Fig :Comparison of our σ(Anomalous hall)-dependent anomalous Hall angle results and
previously reported data for other AHE materials.

Ref:Enke liu &Yan sun. Giant AHE in FM semimetal. Nat.Mater. 018-0234(2017)

 Fig : a

Fig a : shows temperature dependence of the anomalous Hall

conductivity at zero magnetic field.
Fig:b
Field dependence hall conductivity at 100 K ,50K and 2K in which
current in x direction and magnetic field in z direction.
Fig :c
Fig:c shows the temperature dependence of the anomalous Hall
resistivity . A peak appears around 150 K.

Fig:d
For temperature below than 100K anomalous hall conductivity is
independent from normal conductivity arising due to totally intrinsic
phenomenon.
 Large Anomalous effect in antiferromagnet Mn Ge 3

It is a noncolliner ferromagnetic compound and a large berry

curvature results the anomalous hall effect.

Although it forms domain walls orient in random direction so net

AHC is zero in absence of external magnetic field.

A weak magnetic field is required for non zero AHC.

 Structure of Mn3Ge

Ref:Ajay K.Nayak .Large anomalous hall effect.adv.Science(2016)

 Measurement of Hall conductivity

Ref:Ajay K.Nayak .Large anomalous hall effect.adv.Science(2016)

 Field dependent magnetization

From our magnetization data, it is clear that the present Mn3Gesample has a
nearly zero net magnetic moment. Hence, we conclude that the extremely large
AHE depicted in Fig. 2 must be related to the non collinear antiferromagnetic spin
structure.
Ref:Ajay K.Nayak .Large anomalous hall effect.adv.Science(2016)
Angular dependence of AHE
Newly predicted Half heusler for AHE & ANE
Ref:Jonathan Nocky.Large anomalous effect.Phy.Review(2019)