C.

Water Supply and Distribution System

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
TYPES
a. Large Water Supply System - more than 5,000 service
connection.
b. Small Water Supply System - less than 1,000 service
connection.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Aesthetic - perceived by senses (odor,taste, color and clarity)
Capillary attraction - the force that allows a porous material to
soak up a liquid.
Cistern – a water tight tank used to store water
Coliform Organism – any rod shaped, non spore forming, gram
negative bacteria capable of growth in the presence of bile salts,
other surface active agents with similar growth inhibiting
properties which are cytochrome-oxydae negative and able to
ferment lactose at either 35 deg C or 37 deg C with the
production of acid, gas and aldehyde within 24-48 hours.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Complete Treatment – a series or combination of water treatment
processes
Basic Methods of Water Treatment and Purification
 Coagulation - treated with compounds that make small suspended
particles stick together and settle out of the water. This particle
conglomerate is removed from the water prior to filtration.
 Sedimentation - passed through a settling basin or clarifier allowing
time for mud, sand, metals and other sediment to settle out.
 Sand Filtration - passed through a dual media (sand and
anthracite) filter, which removes many remaining pollutants.
 Aeration - process of increasing the oxygen saturation of the water.
 Chlorination - the process of adding the
element chlorine to water (method of water purification to make it fit
for human consumption as drinking water)
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Drinking Water - direct human consumption or for use in food
preparation
Ground Water – portion of the rainwater which has percolated into
the earth to form underground deposits (aquifer)
Polluted Water – water whose physical, chemical, bacteriological,
biological and radioactive properties have been altered due to the
presence of domestic sewage. e.g. industrial waste.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Public or Private Water Supply System – a government or private
owned system for the provision of potable water for human
consumption.
Level of Water Supply System:
a. Level I (Point Source) – a protected well /developed spring with
an outlet without distribution system, for rural areas ; 15 households
b. Level II ( Communal faucet system or standposts) – system
composed of source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network and
communal faucets, for rural and urban fringe areas . One faucet
serves 4 to 6 households.
c. Level III (Waterworks system or individual house connections) - a
system with source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network and a
household taps for densely urban areas
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Raw water - untreated, undisinfected surface or groundwater.
Reservoir – a pond, lake or basin, either natural or artificial,
designed for storage, regulation and control of water.
Surface Water – a mixture of surface run-off and groundwater. e.g.
rivers, lakes, streams, ponds and impounding reservoirs.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Standard Methods - Methods of analysis prescribed by American
Public Health Association, American Waterworks Association, Water
Pollution Control Federation or US Environmental Pollution Control
Federation or USE environmental Protection Agency; accepted by
authority
Water Quality - used to define those bacteriological, chemical,
physical, biological or radiological characteristics which evaluates
the acceptability of the water.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Minimum requirements :
BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY of drinking-water
a. All drinking water supplies ( Level I, II, III, bottled water &
emergency supplies).
b. The presence of E-Coli or Thermo-tolerant (fecal ) coli-form
bacteria is an indicator of fecal pollution.
c. The detection suggests possible presence of organisms that
can cause disease.
d. Water that is free from E-Coli or Thermo-tolerant coli form
bacteria is considered safe
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Water Quality Guideline - a water guideline level for a water
constituent which does not result in significant health risk and
which ensures aesthetically acceptable water.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Well – man made hole for recovering ground water from the water
bearing strata by digging, boring, drilling
Types of Well:
a. Artesian Well
b. Bored Well
c. Deep Well
d. Drilled Well
e. Driven Well
f. Dug Well
g. Shallow Well
h. Test Well
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Well – man made hole for recovering ground water from the water
bearing strata by digging, boring, drilling
Types of Well:
a. Artesian Well – water is confined under hydrostatic pressure
between two rock formations
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Well – man made hole for recovering ground water from the water bearing strata by digging,
boring, drilling
Types of Well:
b. Bored Well – constructed by manually driven augers into the
ground
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Well – man made hole for recovering ground water from the water bearing strata by digging,
boring, drilling
Types of Well:
c. Deep Well – with depth greater than 20 meters constructed in
areas characterized by aquifers
DEFINITION OF TERMS
d. Drilled Well – constructed by percussion or rotary drills.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
e. Driven Well –
constructed by driving an
iron pipe with a well point
at lower end into the
ground water bearing
stratum
DEFINITION OF TERMS
f. Dug Well – normally circular or rectangular in shape, with
diameter from 1 to 1.5 meters; a lining is placed made of
masonry, brickworks of reinforced concrete to protect against
surface or outside contamination
DEFINITION OF TERMS

g. Shallow Well -
measured from the
ground surface with a
depth of not more 20
meters
DEFINITION OF TERMS
h. Test Well – an
excavation made to
determine the quality
and quantity of water.
STANDARD PARAMETERS AND VALUES
FOR DRINKING-WATER QUALITY
Standard Values for Physical and Chemical
Quality: Aesthetic Quality
CHARACTERISTICS MAXIMUM LEVEL mg/L
Taste Unobjectionable
Odor Unobjectionable
Color 5 TCU
Turbidity 5 NTU
Aluminum 0.2
Chloride 250
Copper 1
Hardness 300 (as CaCo3)
NTU - Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

The unit used to describe turbidity. Nephelometric refers to the

way the instrument, a nephelometer, measures how much light
is scattered by suspended particles in the water. The greater the
scattering, the higher the turbidity. Therefore, low NTU values
indicate high water clarity, while high NTU values indicate low
water clarity.
TCU – True Color Unit

One true color unit (TCU), or platinum-cobalt unit, corresponds

to the amount of color exhibited under the specified test
conditions by a standard solution containing 1.0 mg of platinum
per litre. Thus, a sample exhibiting a color of 15 TCU has a
closer color match with a standard containing 15 mg of platinum
per litre than with standards containing 14 or 16 mg/L. A color of
15 TCU can be detected in a glass of water by most consumers,
and 5 TCU will be apparent in large volumes of water, such as in
a bathtub; few people can detect a colour level of 3 TCU.
Methods for the Detection and Estimation
of Coli-form Organisms
a. Standard Methods
a.1. Membrane Filter
technique gives a direct count of total coliforms and fecal-
coliforms present in a given sample
Methods for the Detection and Estimation
of Coli-form Organisms
a. Standard Methods
a.2. Multiple Tube Fermentation
technique used to enumerate positive presumptive, confirmed
and completed tests.; gives a Most Probable Number (MPN) of
coliforms present in a given sample
WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
a. Aluminum - Naturally occurring aluminum as well as aluminum
salts used as coagulants in drinking-water treatment are the
most common sources of aluminum in drinking water.
Effect : exacerbation of discoloration of water by iron.
WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
b. Alkalinity - measure of the water’s ability to neutralize acids and
bases (buffering). As alkalinity increases, the water becomes
more stable and less likely to corrode household plumbing. An
alkalinity of more than 30 mg/l is desirable.
 WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
c. Chlorides - soluble mineral compounds that are dissolved by the water as
it filters through the earth. The amount of chlorides in water are
determined by the type of rocks and soils it has contacted.
Cause:
1. the leaking of sea water into a well cause of increased chlorides.
2. human and animal waste
Effect:
1. salty taste
2. corrosion of household appliances and domestic plumbing
3. average life of water heaters has been estimated to shorten by one
year for every 100 mg/l chloride over the first 100 mg/I.
Treatment:
1. reverse osmosis (RO)
2. deionization (DI)
WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
d. Copper – Copper in a drinking-water supply usually arises from the
corrosive action of water leaching copper from copper pipes.
Cause:
1. Acidic Water: A soft, acidic water will dissolve small amounts of
copper from the plumbing
2. Dissolved Solids: increase the ability of the water to conduct an
electrical current.
3. Galvanic Corrosion: occurs when two different metals come in
contact with each other. The differences between the two metals
produce an electrical current, causing one of the metals to corrode.
E.g. a brass fitting to a galvanized pipe.
Effects:
1. blue green stain on plumbing fixtures.
2. can cause temporary stomach cramps and general intestinal
discomfort
WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
Treatment:
1. Acidic water - by neutralizing the acidity of the water done by
using a metering pump to add small amounts of an alkaline
solution (such as soda ash and water) to the water, or by using a
neutralizing filter
2. Dissolved Solids –
a. reverse osmosis filter to drastically reduce the solids content
b. use a polyphosphate compound
3. Galvanic Corrosion - by placing a dielectric (plastic or rubber)
joint between the two different metals to break the electrical
current
WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
e. Acidity (Corrosive) Water - Neutral water, neither acidic or basic, has
a pH of 7. As pH values decrease from 7 to 0, the acidity of the water
increases; pH values from 7 to 14 show increasing basicity.
Cause:
1. Water’s natural acidity is caused by the presence of carbonic acid
and carbon dioxide.
Effects:
1. Metal surface - slowly dissolving the metal into the water. Constant
exposure to corrosive water will shorten the life of household
plumbing, causing pin-holes in pipes
WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
2. Copper plumbing - corrosion cause blue-green stains in sinks and
tubs; give the water a bitter medicinal taste
3. Steel or galvanized metal - rusty stain in fixtures, give the water a
metallic taste, and may produce cloudy water on occasion
4. Interfere with other water treatment. Iron and manganese cannot
be easily removed from acidic water. In this case, the acidity must be
neutralized prior to the iron removal treatment.
Treatment:
1. pH Adjustment
2. Neutralizing Filters
3. Polyphosphates
WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
f. Fluoride - occur in groundwater supplies, fluoride is added to water to
help prevent dental cavities.
Cause:
1. Fluoride is dissolved into water from fluoride bearing minerals that
occur naturally in the earth.
Effect:
1. Dental fluorosis
Treatment:
1. Reverse Osmosis (RO)
2. Distillation
3. Deionization (DI)
WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
g. Hardness - measured by the amount of soap that had to be added to
water to produce a lather. Also measured as the concentration of
dissolved calcium and magnesium compounds (expressed as calcium
carbonate).
Cause:
1. naturally occurring calcium and magnesium compounds dissolved
by the water
Effect:
1. hard, chalky scale (boiler scale) when water is heated
2. white, powdery residue on plumbing fixtures, and will cause spots
on dishes.
Treatment:
1. water softener (Ion exchange softeners produce a water with near
zero hardness)
WATER TREATMENT
Chemically Derived Contaminants
h. Iron and Manganese - naturally occurring metallic elements.
Cause:
1. Metals are dissolved from soils and rocks as the water passes through
the earth
2. Corrosion of galvanized or steel plumbing materials
Effect:
1. produces a gray or black deposit; cause a coating to form inside the
plumbing and will break free, causing black particles to appear in the
water.
2. water - bitter, metallic taste
Treatment:
1. Chlorination and Filtration
2. Zeolite Filters
3. Birm Filters
4. Water Softeners
5. polyphosphates
 WATER TREATMENT
Biologically derived contaminants
a. Actinomycetes and fungi
found in surface water sources, including reservoirs; can grow on unsuitable materials in
the water supply distribution systems i.e.rubber
Effect: objectionable tastes and odours in the drinking-water.
b. Animal life
Invertebrate animals are naturally present in many water resources used as sources for
the supply of drinking-water and often infest shallow, open wells.
Cause:
1. invertebrates may pass through water treatment works
2. motility and larvae penetrate filters at the treatment works and vents on storage
reservoirs
Treatment :
1. Production of high-quality water,
2. maintenance of chlorine residuals in the distribution system
3. regular cleaning of water mains by flushing or swabbing
WATER TREATMENT
Biologically derived contaminants
c. Cyanobacteria and algae
Effect:
1. coloration and turbidity of water after filtration
2. They can also give rise to geosmin, 2-methyl isoborneol and other
chemicals, which have taste thresholds in drinking-water of a few
nanograms per litre.
d. Iron bacteria
Cause: In waters containing ferrous and manganous salts, oxidation
by iron bacteria (or by exposure to air)
Effect: rust-coloured deposits on the walls of tanks, pipes and
channels and carry-over of deposits into the water.
Treatment : Iron Filters
WATER TREATMENT
Treatment of taste, odor and appearance
problems
The following water treatment techniques are generally effective
in removing organic chemicals that cause tastes and odours:
a. aeration
b. activated carbon (GAC or PAC)
c. ozonation
 WATER TREATMENT
Methods of Water Treatment
Reverse Osmosis Remove dissolved minerals by forcing the water, under pressure, through a
(RO) synthetic membrane.; membrane contains microscopic pores allowing only
molecules of a certain size to pass through; water will squeeze through the
membrane leaving the mineral salts behind; RO unit capable of removing
90 % of the dissolved mineral salts from water supply.
Deionization (DI) - units are available as small, wall-mounted cartridges containing ion
exchange resins. When water passes through the cartridge the dissolved
mineral salts are retained in the resin, producing a mineral-free water
Neutralizing Filters a pressurized tank containing a filter bed of calcium carbonate or calcite.
As the acidic water passes through the filter, the carbonic acid and carbon
dioxide combine with the calcium carbonate neutralizing the acidity
Polyphosphates These compounds deposit a protective layer on exposed metal surfaces.

Water Softener (Ion exchange softeners produce a water with near zero hardness)

Zeolite Filters This compound releases an atom of oxygen to oxidize the dissolved iron
and manganese; oxidized particles collected on the filter bed; These filters
require periodic regeneration with potassium permanganate to replace the
oxygen used in the removal process.
Sources of Water Supply for Domestic Usage
1. Rain Water – soft, pure, suitable for hot water supply
stored in cistern or ponds
2. Natural Surface Water – used for irrigation, industrial purposes,
water supply (treated)
 Rivers
 Lakes
 Impound reservoirs
3. Ground Water – requires less treatment because of natural
filtering
 Wells
 Springs
Water Distribution to Metro Manila
 Water is diverted through a 13km tunnel from Umiray River
in Quezon toward Macua & Angat rivers, which in turn flow
into the Angat Reservoir.
 Angat Dam supplies 97% of the water needs of Metro
Manila residents and most of the irrigation requirements of
farms in central Luzon. From here, water flows through 2
tunnels down to the Ipo Dam.
 Water is conveyed through three intake structures at the Ipo
Dam going to three connecting tunnels. Water then travels
through a distance of 6 km to Bicti, Norzagaray, which in
turn passes through five aqueducts, each about 16km long.
Water Distribution to Metro Manila
 Located in Novaliches, Quezon City, the La Mesa Dam can
sore up to 50.5million cubic meters of water from Angat
River and Alat River.
 The Novaliches Treatment Plant supplies the west zone.
 The Balara Treatment Plant supplies the east zone.
Classification of Public Water Distribution
a. Direct Pressure Distribution
 Water is obtained through a large intake installed on the lake
basin & extended into deep water
Components:
1. Water basin
2. Receiving well
3. Filtration plant
b. Indirect Pressure Distribution
 Water is taken form a drilled well or underground water (“deep
well” construction)
 Involves individual special mechanical equipment
MPLE
Where is surface water for domestic use collected?
a. seas
b. streams
c. mountains
d. oceans
MPLE
Where is surface water for domestic use collected?
a. seas
b. streams
c. mountains
d. oceans
MPLE
Water collected from spring and as well as source of
water for domestic water supply is called
a. underground water
b. natural water
c. surface water
d. ground water
MPLE
Water collected from spring and as well as source of
water for domestic water supply is called
a. underground water
b. natural water
c. surface water
d. ground water
MPLE
What water is a portion of rainwater which percolates
into the earth to form underground deposit?
a. spring surface
b. ground water
c. dew
d. surface water
MPLE
What water is a portion of rainwater which percolates
into the earth to form underground deposit?
a. spring surface
b. ground water
c. dew
d. surface water
MPLE
Where does Level III type of water service referred?
a. individual shallow well handpump installation
b. public faucets
c. individual house pipe in connection with meter
d. artesian well
MPLE
Where does Level III type of water service referred?
a. individual shallow well handpump installation
b. public faucets
c. individual house pipe in connection with meter
d. artesian well
MPLE
Rain water for domestic use is collected from
a. roofs
b. lakes
c. grounds
d. plants
MPLE
Rain water for domestic use is collected from
a. roofs
b. lakes
c. grounds
d. plants
MPLE
What produces when magnesium salt is present in
water?
a. Mineral hardness
b. Permanent hardness
c. Total hardness
d. Temporary hardness
MPLE
What produces when magnesium salt is present in
water?
a. Mineral hardness
b. Permanent hardness
c. Total hardness
d. Temporary hardness
MPLE
The hardness of water can be either
 temporary or
 permanent

Temporary hardness can be removed simply by boiling the

water. Temporary hardness is caused by calcium and/or
Magnesium hydrogencarbonate. These are formed as
carbonated rain water passes over rocks containing carbonate
ions

Permanent hardness cannot be removed by boiling but can

often be removed by chemical treatment
Permanent hardness is caused by calcium and/or magnesium
sulphate. These are formed as water passes over rocks
containing sulphate ions
MPLE
Total Permanent Hardness = Calcium Hardness +
Magnesium Hardness

When measuring hardness, we typically consider total

hardness which is the sum of all hardness compounds
in water, expressed as a calcium carbonate
equivalent. Total hardness includes both temporary
and permanent hardness caused by calcium and
magnesium compounds.
MPLE
How can acidity of water be neutralized?
a. Crust stone filtration
b. White sand filtration
c. Marble stone filtration
d. Green and filtration
MPLE
How can acidity of water be neutralized?
a. Crust stone filtration
b. White sand filtration (swimming pool treatment)
c. Marble stone filtration (waste water treatment)
d. Green sand filtration (well treatment)
MPLE
a. Green sand filtration
(well treatment)
MPLE
How can sulphur in the form of hydrogen sulphates be
removed from water?
a. Aeration
b. Evaporation
c. Filtration
d. Sedimentation
MPLE
How can sulphur in the form of hydrogen sulphates be removed
from water?
a. Aeration
b. Evaporation
c. Filtration
d. Sedimentation
Aeration
Aeration is another option and is accomplished by spraying
water into a ventilated storage tank. The H2S gas is separated
from the water as it is sprayed and drawn off as a gas by a
ventilation system. Aeration will remove most of the H2S, but
chlorination may still be necessary. Some sulphide odours will
remain due to the high pH of most waters. The lower the pH, the
better this system will work. A second pressure system is
required to pump the water from the storage tank into the
distribution system.
MPLE
What is the cause of objectionable tastes and odor of
water?
a. Mineral
b. Nitrogen
c. Oxygen
d. Algae
MPLE
What is the cause of objectionable tastes and odor of
water?
a. Mineral
b. Nitrogen
c. Oxygen
d. Algae
Many tastes and odours are caused by decomposition of
plants, algae and fungi