Xu Y, Guo Y, Song Y, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Li Q, Hong S, Liu Y, Guo Y
J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2018;11(1):39e43
Presentan : Prinsa Raudha Anca & Rina Nurbani
Pembimbing: DR, dr. Adiningsih Srilestari M.Epid, M.Kes, Sp.Ak(K) Introduction • Robustness: an ability of biological networks to maintain their functions in the face of perturbations, is a key characteristic of all living systems • The human body has the following characteristics: 1. It includes many systems (nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system. 2. It can exchange materials, energy, and information with the surrounding environment. 3. Its systems are not independent; they interact and exchange information Introduction • Acupuncture is a procedure in which fine needles are inserted into an individual at discrete points and then manipulated, with the intention of preventing and curing diseases 2. Acupuncture has the ability to regulate robustness • robustness vs acupuncture – Robustness enables the system to maintain its functionalities against external and internal perturbations – the ability of acupuncture to regulate robustness indicates that it can be used to promote the human body’s self-regulation so that it can maintain homeostasis. 2. Acupuncture has the ability to regulate robustness • robustness vs acupuncture – System control is a prominent implementation mechanism of robustness (negative and positive feedback including the cell cycle, the circadian clock, and chemotaxis – Acupuncture has a similar bidirectional feedback regulation to maintain homeostasis – Redundancy generally refers to a situation in which several identical or similar components/modules can replace one another when one of the components fails 3. Acupuncture regulates robustness under pathological conditions 3.1. Preventing Disease A RCT confirmed the effectiveness of acupuncture in preventing or reducing the – Uncomplicated recurrent lower urinary tract infections in adult women – postoperative nausea and vomiting after gynecological or breast surgery – atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after electrical cardioversion – Stroke in patients with traumatic brain injury and emergence – agitation in children 3. Acupuncture regulates robustness under pathological conditions 3.1. Preventing Disease In TCM, a correlation exists between the nerve segments of the human meridians and the visceral organs to which they correspond – acupuncture at PC-6 (Neiguan), HT-7 (Shenmen), and BL-15 (Xinshu) has been shown to have an antiarrhythmic effect (effect on the autonomic nervous system. – Compared with the side-effects of drugs, acupuncture are very few (a noninvasive treatment). 3. Acupuncture regulates robustness under pathological conditions 3.2. Treating diseases Pathways when acupuncture is used to treat patients with persistent pain. 1. The sympathetic nerve pathway: • acupuncture activates sympathetic nerve fibers to enhance the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 in the blood vessels of inflamed tissue to promote migration of b-endorphin and met-encephalin- containing polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells. • acupuncture activates sympathetic neuron-derived norepinephrine, which stimulates the adrenergic receptors in inflammatory cells to release b-endorphin, leading to a reduction in the level of pain 3. Acupuncture regulates robustness under pathological conditions 3.2. Treating diseases Pathways when acupuncture is used to treat patients with persistent pain. 2. The endocrine and immunity pathway: • acupuncture activates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to increase plasma corticosterone levels significantly, • downregulate cyclooxygenase-2, upregulate endogenous anandamide • increase the number of endogenous cannabinoid CB2 receptors to upregulate immune cell opioids in inflamed skin tissue • decreasing tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-1b, and interleukin-6 expressions ↓ level of pain. 3. Acupuncture regulates robustness under pathological conditions 3.3. Rehabilitation Research using modern neuroimaging techniques – acupuncture can effectively enhance connectivity between the cerebellum and the primary sensorimotor cortex in patients during stable stroke recovery – Acupuncture at GB34(Yang lingquan) may increase motor cognition connectivity while decreasing compensation of the unaffected motor cortex and homolateral synkinesis, which can definitely promote rehabilitation in patients suffering from hemiplegia and spasms 4. Conclusion • Acupuncture is a regulatory way of stimulating the complex systems in the body. • In the disease prevention phase, acupuncture has the ability to enhance self-adjustment to maintain homeostasis in the system. • In the disease-treatment phase, acupuncture can promote the correction of a pathological state, and induce the other functions to compensate for the damaged function of the body 4. Conclusion • Disease rehabilitation phase, acupuncture can promote the reconstruction of homeostasis in an organ after disease