REGIO FACEI

THE MUSCULO-SKELETAL
ASPECT
Assoc Prof Hamiadji dr
 LECTURE OUTLINE

• THE SKULL
• SCALP & REGION OF THE FACE
• MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
• MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
• SUPERFICIAL VESSELS & NERVES
• THE TONGUE
• THE TEMPORO-MANDIBULAR JOINT
 THE SKULL
(ANTERIOR & LATERAL VIEW)

The skull is divisible into two parts:

(1) the cranium, which lodges and
protects the brain, consists of
In the anatomical position, the skull is oriented
eight bones, and (2) the skeleton
so that the lower margins of the orbits and the
of the face, of fourteen bones.
upper margins of the external acoustic meatuses
are horizontal, i.e., in the orbitomeatal plane.
 THE SKULL

Cranium, 8 bones Face, 14 bones

Two Nasals.
Occipital.
Two Maxillæ.
Two Parietals.
Two Lacrimals.
Frontal.
Two Zygomatics.
TwoTemporals.
Two Palatines.
Sphenoidal.
Two Inferior Nasal Conchæ.
Ethmoidal.
Vomer.
Mandible.
 THE SKULL
(ANTERIOR VIEW)

The 3 cutaneous branches of the NV emerge from these foramina!

 THE SKULL
(POSTERIOR & LATERAL VIEW)

SCALP – 1.Skin (hairy), 2.Connective tissue (blood vessels), 3.Aponeurosis (galea

aponeurotica), 4.Loose connective tissue (danger area), 5. Periosteum.
 THE SCALP
1. Skin
2. Connective tissue (dense and
contains blood vessels)
3. Aponeurosis of epicranius
muscle
4. Loose connective tissue –
dangerous area
5. Periosteum

Epicranius muscle = Occipito-frontalis muscle

Occipitalis originates from bone; Frontalis inserts into
Infection in dangerous area may
superior palpebra.
cause meningitis through
Collection of blood in the dangerour area – black eyes emissary veins!!
SENSORY INNERVATION

The vertex-ear-chin line separates

the trigeminal territory from that
of the cervical nerves.
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION

The muscles of
the face may
have a bony
attachment but
the insertion is
into the skin.

Muscles of facial
expression are
arranged around
the orifices of the
face: orbit, nasal
cavity, mouth and
ear.

This is how we can make facial expressions of

happiness, sadness, anger or disapproving.
The motor innervation to the muscles of facial
expression is Cranial Nerve VII.
Muscles around the Orbita:
Orbicularis part >< Frontalis (open)
Palpebralis part >< Lev palp sup.(open)

Muscles around the Mouth:

Orbicularis oris (close) – the rest open.
Originates near midline to maxilla and
mandible, fibres are added from dilators
muscles. Contraction – narrowing of
mouth. Modiolus at corner of mouth

Buccinator from maxilla-mandible,

pterygo-max,and pterygo-mand ligs.
Fibres cross at modiolus but most
uncrossed merge with orb. oris.

Dilator muscles insert into the lips-modiolus. (knot of muscles

with fibrous tissue.
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION

There are four

muscles of
mastication on
each side that
control the
movement of the
mandible
The lateral pterygoid is the main
muscle that opens the mouth. It is
helped by gravity and a couple of neck
muscles.
Muscles Of Mastication

2
4

3
1

1 Masseter, 2 Temporalis, 3 Medial Pterygoid – elevate

mandible
4 Lateral Perygoid – protracts mandible
Temporalis horizontal part – retracts mandible
 The external carotid artery divides within the
parotid gland into the superficial temporal and
maxillary arteries.
The Danger Triangle Of The Face!!!
THE PAROTID REGION

The facial
nerve passes
through the
parotid
gland.
The facial
nerve divides
into the
upper &
lower trunks.
The upper
trunk is
influenced by
both sides of
cerebral
cortexes.
 THE PAROTID REGION
(THE FACIAL NERVE)

The upper trunk is

influenced by both
sides of cerebral
cortexes.

THE INNERVATION OF THE

MUSCLES OF FACIAL
EXPRESSION
ORAL CAVITY

the boundaries of the

mouth are:
superior--hard and
soft palates
inferior--tongue and
floor of mouth
anterolateral--upper
and lower teeth
posterior--
palatoglossal fold
TONGUE
IDENTIFY the important
structures!!!

styloglossus muscle (sg)

hyoglossus muscle (hg)
genioglossus muscle (gg)
submandibular duct (5)
lingual nerve (1)
submandibular ganglion (2)
hypoglossal nerve (3)
C1 nerve to geniohyoid (4)
 THE TONGUE

Tongue: muscular organ.

Extrinsic muscles – Hyoglossus,
Genioglossus, Styloglossus,
(Palatoglossus part of palate)
Intrinsic muscles – Transverse, Vertical.
Horizontal
All muscles innervated by Hypoglossal
nerve N XII except Palatoglosus by NX.

Functions of the Tongue:

Mastication, Swallowing, Speech, Love making
 INNERVATION & MUCOSA
Apex & Body: NVII – SVA; NV –
GVA.
Root: NIX – SVA; NIX – GVA.
Area of epiglottis NX.

Muscles: NXII

Foliata, Fungiform, Filiata, Circumvalata

 THE MANDIBULE
CORONOID

CONDYLOID

ALVEOLAR PROCESS

BODY RAMUS

THE ALVEOLAR PROCESS & TEETH

DISAPPEAR IN OLD AGE
THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
The temporomandibular joint(tmj)
is a synovial type joint separated
by an intra-articular disc. The disc
splits the joint into two separate
joints. The upper joint(ujc) is
between the mandibular (articular)
fossa of the temporal bone and the
articular disk and provides a
sliding motion when the lateral
pterygoid contracts and pulls the
condyle and disc forward. The
lower joint (ljc) is between the
articular disc and the head of the
condyle of the mandible. The
action here is a hinge-like action,
in which the mandible drops,
thereby opening the mouth.
 THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
Anterior dislocation may result when
the mouth is open: the head of the
mandible may slip anteriorward off the
articular tubercle. Reduction is
accomplished by depressing the
posterior jaw and elevating the chin.
The temporomandibular joint(tmj)
is a synovial type joint separated
by an intra-articular disc. The disc
splits the joint into two separate
joints. The upper joint(ujc) is
between the mandibular (articular)
fossa of the temporal bone and the
articular disk and provides a
sliding motion when the lateral
pterygoid contracts and pulls the
condyle and disc forward. The
lower joint (ljc) is between the
articular disc and the head of the
condyle of the mandible. The
action here is a hinge-like action,
in which the mandible drops,
thereby opening the mouth.
Notes on the Fossae
Six successively more superficial planes
in the infratemporal region.
A, Medial wall of infratemporal fossa
B, Medial pterygoid muscle
C, Mandibular nerve and maxillary
artery. Note the chorda tympani and the
middle meningeal artery
D, lateral pterygoid muscle. The second
part ofthe maxillary artery may be deep
(as shown here) or superficial to the
lower head of the lateral pterygoid
muscle.
E, Temporalis. The anterior fibers are
attached to the ramus of the
mandible
F, Masseter. The deep fibers (visible
above) proceed directly inferiorward
 THANK YOU

FOR YOUR ATTENTION