Topic 1 Respiration

1.1 Human Breathing Mechanism

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Topic 1 Respiration
Human Breathing Mechanism

The Structure of Human Respiratory System

Trachea
Tube for air to enter into the lungs Bronchus Trachea

Bronchus Intercostal
Branches of trachea Bronchiole Muscle

Bronchioles
Branches of bronchus Alveolus Rib

Alveoli
Site of gas exchange
Heart
Intercostal muscle / rib muscle
Muscle that expands or contracts
thoracic cavity
Rib
Bones that protects the lungs
Lungs
Diaphragm
Controls the volume in the thoracic Diaphragm
cavity
ITeach – Science Form 3
 Topik 1 Respirasi
Mekanisme Pernafasan Manusia

Struktur Sistem Respirasi Manusia

Trakea
Salur bagi udara memasuki Trakea
peparu Bronkus
Bronkus Otot
Cabang trakea Bronkiol interkostal
Bronkiol
Cabang bronkus Alveolus Tulang
rusuk
Alveoli
Tempat pertukaran gas
Jantung
Otot interkostal
Otot yang mengembangkan dan
mengecutkan rongga toraks
Tulang rusuk
Tulang yang melindungi peparu
Peparu
Diafragma
Mengawal isi padu rongga toraks Diafragma

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 3

 Topic 1 Respiration
Human Breathing Mechanism

The Structure Of Alveolus

Bronchiole

Blood capillary

Alveolus

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Topik 1 Respirasi
Mekanisme Pernafasan Manusia

Struktur Alveolus

Bronkiol

Kapilari darah

Alveolus

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 3

 Topic 1 Respiration
Human Breathing Mechanism

Breathing Mechanism

Inhalation Exhalation
Air is taken into the lungs Air is pushed out of the lungs.

Inhalation Exhalation

Exhaled Exhaled air is

Trachea – air is pushed out to
Carries air into pushed out the trachea
the lungs through Trachea
Lungs – Muscles –
the nostrils
expand Muscles - relax and
Contract to Rib rib cage
raise the moves
rib cage up Intercostal
downward
Diaphragm and muscle
Diaphragm and inward
– Contracts outward Lungs-
and pulls Shrink
downward Diaphragm –
relaxes and
moves up

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Topik 1 Respirasi
Mekanisme Pernafasan Manusia

Mekanisma Pernafasan

Menghembus nafas
Menarik nafas
Udara dihembus keluar daripada
Udara disedut masuk ke dalam peparu
peparu
Menarik nafas Menghembus nafas

Udara
Udara hembusan
Trakea – hembusan ditolak keluar
Membawa dihembus melalui trakea
udara masuk ke keluar Trakea
Peparu – dalam peparu Otot
melalui
mengembang interkostal –
Otot lubang
mengendur
interkostal – hidung Tulang rusuk supaya
Mengecut
Otot sangkar rusuk
untuk
Diafragma bergerak ke
menggerakkan interkostal
– Mendatar Diafragma sangkar rusuk Peparu- bawah dan ke
ke bawah Menguncup dalam
ke atas dan ke
luar Diafragma –
Melengkung
ke atas

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 3

 Topic 1 Respiration
Human Breathing Mechanism

Comparison Between Inhalation and Exhalation

Inhalation Exhalation
(Breathing in) (Breathing out)

Relax Internal intercostal muscles Contract

Contract External intercostal muscles Relax

Up and outwards Movement of rib cage Down and inwards

Contract Action of diaphragm Relax

Increases Volume in thoracic cavity Decreases

Decreases Air pressure in thoracic cavity Increases

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Topik 1 Respirasi
Mekanisme Pernafasan Manusia

Perbandingan Antara Menarik Nafas dan Menghembus Nafas

Menghembus
Menarik nafas Nafas

Mengendur Otot interkostal dalam Mengecut

Mengecut Otot interkostal luar Mengendur

Ke atas dan ke luar Pergerakan sangkar rusuk Ke bawah dan ke dalam

Mengecut Tindakan diafragma Mengendur

Bertambah Isi padu rongga toraks Berkurang

Tekanan udara dalam rongga
Berkurang Bertambah
toraks

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 3

 Topic 1 Respiration

1.2 Transport Of Oxygen In The Human Body

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Topic 1 Respiration
Transport Of Oxygen In The Human Body

Transportation Of Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide

 Oxygen from inhaled air is diffused into

blood capillaries through alveolus

 Oxygen + haemoglobin  Oxyhaemoglobin

 Oxyhaemoglobin is then pumped to all body

parts by the heart

 Meanwhile, carbon dioxide diffuses from

cells into the capillaries.

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Topik 1 Respirasi
Pengangkutan Oksigen Di Dalam Tubuh Manusia

Pengangkutan Oksigen dan Karbon Dioksida

 Oksigen daripada udara sedutan meresap

ke dalam kapilari darah melalui alveolus

 Oksigen + hemoglobin  Oksihemoglobin

 Jantung mengepam oksihemoglobin ke

seluruh bahagian tubuh.

 Pada masa yang sama, karbon dioksida

meresap dari sel ke dalam alveolus melalui
kapilari.

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 3

 Topic 1 Respiration
Transport Of Oxygen In The Human Body

The Diffusion of Gases

Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen Exchanges
Exchanges

Alveolus Carbon dioxide diffuses

Red
Oxygen diffuses from from capillary into
blood
alveolus to blood cell alveoli due to higher
capillaries due to higher concentration of carbon
concentration of oxygen dioxide in deoxygenated
Deoxygenated Oxygenated blood compared to
Capillary blood alveoli.
blood

Carbon dioxide diffuses

Oxygen diffuses from from body cells to blood
blood cells into body cells due to higher
cells due to higher concentration of carbon
concentration of oxygen Body cells
dioxide in body cells
compared to blood
cells.

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Topik 1 Respirasi
Pengangkutan Oksigen Di Dalam Tubuh Manusia

Resapan Gas

Pertukaran Karbon
Pertukaran Oksigen
Dioksida

Oksigen meresap dari Alveolus Karbon dioksida

alveolus ke dalam Sel meresap dari kapilari ke
kapilari darah darah dalam alveoli
disebabkan kepekatan merah disebabkan kepekatan
oksigen yang tinggi karbon dioksida yang
dalam alveolus Darah tinggi dalam darah
Darah
Kapilari beroksigen terdeoksigen
terdeoksigen
Karbon dioksida
Oksigen meresap dari meresap dari sel badan
sel darah ke dalam sel ke dalam sel darah
badan disebabkan disebabkan kepekatan
kepekatan oksigen yang karbon dioksida yang
tinggi dalam sel darah Sel badan
tinggi dalam sel badan
merah berbanding sel darah
merah

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 3

 Topic 1 Respiration

1.3 The Importance Of A Healthy Respiratory

System

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Topic 1 Respiration
The Importance Of A Healthy Respiratory System

Effects Of Harmful Substances

Harmful
Sources Effects
Substances
Blackens and damage the internal
Tar Cigarette smoke
wall and causes cancer
Combustion of fossil
Sulphur dioxide Damage lung tissues
fuel
Cigarette smoke, car
Carbon monoxide Reduces oxygen in the blood
exhaust
Excessive combustion, Causes irritation to respiratory tract
Haze
open burning and breathing difficulties
Causes hardening of blood vessels
Nicotine Cigarette smoke
and abnormal cells growth

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Topik 1 Respirasi
Kepentingan Sistem Respirasi Yang Sihat

Kesan Bahan Berbahaya

Bahan berbahaya Sumber Kesan

Menghitam dan merosakkan dinding

Tar Asap rokok
peparu dan menyebabkan kanser.
Pembakaran bahan api
Sulfur dioksida Merosakkan tisu peparu
fosil
Karbon Asap rokok dan ekzos Mengurangkan kandungan oksigen
monoksida kereta dalam darah
Pembakaran Menyebabkan kesukaran bernafas
Jerebu
berlebihan dan penyakit respirasi
Pertumbuhan sel tidak normal dan
Nikotin Asap rokok
menyempitkan salur darah

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 3

 Topic 1 Respiration
The Importance Of A Healthy Respiratory System

Diseases That Affect The Respiratory System

Diseases Sources Effects

Bacteria, viruses and Bacteria and viruses attack the

Pnemonia
chemical substances trachea and alveolus
Alveoli expand and
Emphyseme Destruction of alveoli
burst
Cause difficulty in gaseous exchange
Bronchitis Viral infection
and respiration process

Tuberculosis Bacterial infection Bacteria attacks the lungs

Asthma Cigarette smoke Tubes of the lungs become inflamed

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Topik 1 Respirasi
Kepentingan Sistem Respirasi Yang Sihat

Penyakit –Penyakit yang Mempengaruhi Sistem

Respirasi

Penyakit Sumber Kesan

Bakteria, virus dan Bakteria dan virus menyerang trakea

Pnemonia
bahan kimia dan alveolus
Alveoli mengembang
Emfisema Merosakkan alveoli
dan pecah
Menyukarkan pertukaran gas dan
Bronkitis Jangkitan virus
proses respirasi

Tuberkulosis Jangkitan bakteria Bakteria menyerang peparu

Asma Asap rokok Salur bronkus menjadi sempit

tuberkulosis

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 3

 Topic 1 Respiration
The Importance Of A Healthy Respiratory System

Experiment To Determine The Effect Of

Cigarette Smoke On The Lungs

Procedure Thermometer
Cigarette
1. Set up the apparatus as shown.
2. Switch on the filter pump to draw air To filter
pump
and observe the changes in
U-tube
universal indicator. Conical
Cotton flask
Universal
Observation indicator

Effects Changes Discussion

Colour of cotton wool White to brownish Tar is present.

Universal indicator Green to yellow Acidic substance is produced .

Temperature 29°C to 33°C Heat from the smoke warms up the U-tube.

The smoke’s harmful tar and acidic substances heats and

Conclusion
damages our lungs.

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Topik 1 Respirasi
Kepentingan Sistem Respirasi Yang Sihat

Eksperimen Untuk Menentukan Kesan Asap Rokok

Terhadap Peparu

Kaedah Termometer
Rokok
1. Radas disediakan seperti dalam
rajah Ke pam
turas
2. Hidupkan pam turas dan perhatikan
Tiub-U
perubahan yang berlaku. Kelalang
Wul kon
kaca Penunjuk
Pemerhatian universal

Kesan Perubahan Perbincangan

Warna wul kaca Putih ke coklat Terdapat tar dalam asap rokok

Penunjuk universal Hijau ke kuning Bahan berasid dihasilkan

Suhu 29°C ke 33°C Haba dari asap rokok memanaskan tiub-U

Asap rokok menghasilkan tar dan bahan berasid yang

Kesimpulan
merosakkan peparu.

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 3

 Topic 1 Respiration
The Importance Of A Healthy Respiratory System

Ways To Improve Air Quality

Reduce the use of air conditioner

Walk, cycle or use public transport

Plant more trees and flowers

Car pool

Stop open burning

Stop smoking

ITeach – Science Form 3

 Topik 1 Respirasi
Kepentingan Sistem Respirasi Yang Sihat

Cara-cara Meningkatkan Kualiti Udara

Kurangkan penggunaan penyaman udara

Berjalan, berbasikal atau gunakan

pengangkutan awam

Menanam lebih banyak pokok dan

tumbuh-tumbuhan

Perkongsian kereta

Hentikan pembakaran terbuka

Berhenti merokok

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 3

The End

i - Teach