ORACLE SQL TRAINING

NAME OF TRAINER :
M.ATIQ PATEL & M. YASIR
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Name of Students

 SANA JHANGIR (SEMSTER 8TH )

 IFRA AZIZ (SEMSTER 8TH )
 SALMAN AHMED SIDDQUI(SEMSTER 8TH )
 WALEED (SEMSTER 7TH )
 HAMZA
 ANWAR ALI (SEMSTER 7TH )
 UMAIR HANIF (SEMSTER 7TH )
 SHAZIL (SEMSTER 8TH )
 M.OWAIS HASHMI (SEMSTER 8TH )
 SUMIYA
 SARWAN JAWAID (7TH SEMESTER)
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Scope

To Teach Beginner Level SQL to all

participants of this Course (of this
Project)
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GOAL objective:

 Discuss the theoretical and physical aspect of a

relation database.
 Describe the oracle implementation of RDBMS and
ORDBMS.
 Understand the goals of the course.
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GOAL of the course

 After the completing the course you should be able

to do the following.
 Identify the major structure components of oracle
database 10g/11g.
 Retrieve row and column data from tables with the
“SELECT” statement.
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Objectives

 Explore basic commands and functions of SQL

 How to use SQL for data manipulation (to add,
modify, delete, and retrieve data)
 How to use SQL to query a database to extract
useful information
 How to use SQL for data administration (to create
tables, indexes, and views)
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Introduction to SQL

 SQL functions fit into two broad categories:

 Data definition language
 SQL includes commands to:
 Create database objects, such as tables, indexes, and views

 Define access rights to those database objects

 Data manipulation language

 Includes commands to insert, update, delete, and retrieve
data within database tables
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Introduction to SQL
(continued)

 SQL is relatively easy to learn

 Basic command set has vocabulary of less than 100
words
 Nonprocedural language
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
prescribes a standard SQL
 Several SQL dialects exist
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Single Table Query Basics

 The main element in a SQL query is the SELECT

statement.
 A properly written SELECT statement will always
produce a result in the form of one or more rows of
output.
 The SELECT statement chooses (selects) rows from
one or more tables according to specific criteria.
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SELECT STATMENT

Selecting All Columns

SELECT *
FROM departments;
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SELECT STATEMENT

 The following SELECT statement produces an identical output as

mentioned in previous slide.

SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID,
DEPARTMENT_NAME,MANAGER_ID,LOACTION_ID FROM DEPARTMENTS;
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Clauses of the SELECT
statement

 SELECT
 List the columns (and expressions) to be returned from the query
 FROM
 Indicate the table(s) or view(s) from which data will be obtained
 WHERE
 Indicate the conditions under which a row will be included in the
result
 GROUP BY
 Indicate categorization of results
 HAVING
 Indicate the conditions under which a category (group) will be
included
 ORDER BY
 Sorts the result according to specified criteria
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Selecting Specific Columns
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Selecting Specific Columns

 Specify the column names to be displayed in the result set by

typing the exact, complete column names.
 Separate each column name with a comma (,).
 Specify the name of the table after the FROM clause.
 Terminate the query with a semi-colon (;).

 SELECT emp_ssn, emp_last_name, emp_first_name FROM

employee;
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Common Errors

 There are syntactical rules that must be followed or

Oracle gives an error message instead of the
desired result table.
 Oracle communicates errors in SELECT statements
by providing unique error numbers and
accompanying error descriptions.
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FROM Keyword Missing

 The next SELECT statement is missing the FROM

clause so that no table name has been specified.
 Without a table name, the database management
system does not know which table to query.

SELECT emp_ssn;
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00923: FROM keyword not found where
expected
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Arithmetic Expressions

Create expressions with number and date data by using

arithmetic operators.

Operator Description
+ Add
- Subtract
* Multiply
/ Divide
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Using Arithmetic Operators

…
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Selecting from the DUAL Table

DUAL is a table automatically created by Oracle Database along

with the data dictionary. DUAL is in the schema of the user SYS but
is accessible by the name DUAL to all users. It has one column,
DUMMY, defined to be VARCHAR2(1), and contains one row with
a value X. Selecting from the DUAL table is useful for computing a
constant expression with the SELECT statement. Because DUAL has
only one row, the constant is as there are rows in the table
returned only once. Alternatively, you can select a constant,
pseudo-column, or expression from any table, but the value will
be returned as many times
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Selecting from the DUAL Table
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DUAL STATMENTS

 SQL> select 1+1 from dual;

 SQL> select 1+1 from dual;

 SQL> select 2*1+3*4 from dual;

 SQL> select 2*((1+3)*4) from dual;

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Defining a Column Alias

A column alias:
 Renames a column heading
 Is useful with calculations
 Immediately follows the column name (There can
also be the optional AS keyword between the
column name and alias.)
Using Column Aliases
SELECT last_name AS name, commission_pct comm
FROM employees;

SELECT last_name "Name" , salary*12 "Annual Salary"

FROM employees;

…
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Concatenation Operator

A concatenation operator:
 Links columns or character strings to other columns
 Is represented by two vertical bars (||)
 Creates a resultant column that is a character
expression

SELECT last_name||job_id AS "Employees"

FROM employees;

…
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Literal Character Strings

 A literal is a character, a number, or a date that is

included in the SELECT statement.
 Date and character literal values must be enclosed
by single quotation marks.
 Each character string is output once for each
row returned.
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Using Literal Character Strings