Done

Construction Project Scheduling
and Control
Chapter 1
Introduction to Project
Management
Important definitions from the Project
Management Institute, PMI, PMBOK, 4th
edition, 2008:
Project: A temporary endeavor undertaken to
create a unique product, service, or result
 There are no two projects that are the same
 Every project has
 A start a finish points, and
 A deliverable.
Constr. Project Sched. & Control - Dr. Mubarak - Part 1 Slide No. 2
Management (Cont’d)
Program: A group of related projects managed in
coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not
available from managing them individually. Programs
may include elements of related work outside of the
scope of the discrete projects in the program
Programs may be:
 Temporary/one-time programs
 Ongoing (usually periodic/annual)
A program can be a large and complex project
Management (Cont’d)
Portfolio is a collection of projects or programs
and other work that are grouped together to
facilitate effective management of that work to
meet strategic business objectives. The
projects or programs of the portfolio may not
necessarily be dependent or directly related
Caution: US versus UK terminology
The Hierarchy
Portfolio Program
Program Project Project Project Project Tasks
Subproject Subproject Subproject
Project Management
Project Management
is the application of
knowledge, skills,
Cost / Time /
tools, and techniques Schedule
Budget
to project activities
to meet the project
requirements
Scope /
Quality
Scheduling as Part of Project
Management
Project management in construction includes:
 Scheduling / Time Management,
Project control
 Budget / Cost Management,
 Document Management Project administration,
 Risk Management Quality management,
 Procurement management, Safety management,
 Change / Scope management, Other
They are all interrelated
Planning and Scheduling
Planning and scheduling are two terms that

are often thought of as synonymous
 They are not!
 Scheduling is just one part of the planning effort
Project scheduling is the determination of the
timing and sequence of operations in the
project and their assembly to give the overall
completion time
Project Planning
Project planning serves as a foundation for several
related functions such as cost estimating, scheduling,
and project control
The plan can include elements that has to do with
1.scope, 2. design and alternate designs, 3. cost,
4. time, 5. finance, 6. land, 7. procurement, 8.
operations, etc.
 The level of details needed
Planning is the process of determining how a

project will be undertaken. It answers the
questions:
 What?  Why
 How?  Where?
 Who?  By whom?
 How much?  When? (in general terms)
Scheduling deals with “when” on a detailed level
Schedule
when
The Plan
Question
Do all projects (of all types and sizes) have a

need for CPM scheduling?
Does the need vary?
Can the Following be Considered
Projects?
1. I like to improve my education
I plan to obtain my MBA from an accredited school by
end of 2019
2. I want to save a good amount of my salary
I will save (at least) $400/month so I can have $5,000
in 2 years
3. We like to reduce the overhead of our company
We like to reduce the OH from 22% to 18% by end of
2012
Chapter 2: Steps for Scheduling a
Construction Project
The basic four steps
Myths about scheduling
Steps to Schedule a Project
1. Break down the project into activities:

 Reasonable activity size
 Contract restrictions?
 Simple versus complex activities

 WBS, coding, activity description
 Activity types: Task, milestone (start or finish),
Hammock (level of effort)
Factors to Be Considered in
Defining Activities
1. Nature of the work / Homogeneity
2. Location / Floor / Segment
3. Size / Duration
4. Timing / Chronology
5. Level of confidence in the duration
6. Responsibility
7. Phase
Definition
Activity: A basic unit of work as part of the

total project that is easily measured and
controlled
 It is also called Task
 It is time and resource consuming
 Unit of measure: simple or complex:
 Formwork + rebar + concrete + finish (4 activities), or
 FRP Concrete (one activity)
Events and Milestones
An event: a point in time that is usually the start or

finish of a certain activity(s)
 Duration = 0
Important events are called milestones
 start milestones such as NTP and
 finish milestones such as Substantial Completion
An activity has a start date and a finish date. An event
(or milestone) has a start date or a finish date
.
Level 5
Level 4
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 0
Foundation/
Substructure
110000
Columns
Soffit and Falsework Post-
121000
edges tensioned
123111
123110
Slabs
123100
Building
Shear shell
120000
Walls
122000
Scaffold Rebar
(tables)
123112
123120 Flat Slabs
.
123200
Elevated
Slabs Exterior
123000
Shores closure
Post-tension
130000
cable
123113
Tampa
123130
Waffle Office
100000
Slabs Beams/ Bldg

123300
Girders
124000
Reshores
Interior
123114
Concrete finishes
Constr. Project Sched. & Control - Dr. Mubarak - Part 1

140000
123140
One-way CIP Stairs

Slab and
123400
125000
beam
Mechanical
/ Electrical
150000
Site Work
160000
Example
Slide No. 19
Structure, WBS,
Work Breakdown
The CSI Masterformat in WBS
Format
Title Level
03 00 00 Concrete 1
03 10 00 Concrete Forming and Accessories 2
03 11 00 Concrete Forming 3
03 11 13 Structural Cast-in-Place Concrete Forming 4
03 11 13.13 Concrete Slip Forming 5
03 11 13.16 Concrete Shoring 5
03 11 13.19 Falsework 5
03 11 16 Architectural Cast-in Place Concrete Forming 4
03 11 16.13 Concrete Form Liners 5
03 11 19 Insulating Concrete Forming 4
03 11 23 Permanent Stair Forming 4
• Don’t forget level 0!
2. Estimate activity durations:

 Time unit: hour, day, week, month?
 Duration = Total Quantity/Productivity
 = 10,000 M3 / 800 M3/day
 = 12.5 days ≈ 13 days
 Multiple crews – multiple shifts
 Productivity adjustment factors
 Warning: don’t accept unrealistic expectations!
 Define calendars
3. Set up the schedule logic:

 Establish logic relationships
 Sometimes there is more than one way to depict logic
 Tendency to overuse Finish-to-Start (FS) relationship
 Lags & leads

 External relationships
 Logic (hard) versus resource (soft) logic
 Imposed constraints
4. Draw network & perform CPM Calculations

(or input in the computer and execute):
 Imposed finish date?
 Non-work days
 Check software default rules / settings
 Make sure any specific requirement is met
Myths/Misconceptions
About Scheduling
I should get a very accurate schedule… I bought the
most expensive software in the market!
I hired a computer specialist to handle Primavera!
CPM schedules are bunch of nonsense. We do it just
because the owner required it.
We don’t need an expensive system
…it is all up here
Chapter III: Bar (Gantt) Charts
Defined as a graphic representation of project

activities shown in a time-scaled bar lines with
no links shown between activities
Developed in 1917 by Henry Gantt
Also known as Gantt charts
Bar (Gantt) Charts: Examples
Site Clearing
Excavation
Foundation
S.O.G.
Framing
Roofing
Finish Interior
2 4 '6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Time (days)
Excavate
Form Footings
Place Rebar
Place Concrete
Strip Forms
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Days
Bar (Gantt) Charts
Example 3:
Bar (Gantt) Charts: Advantages
Time-scaled
Simple to prepare
Simple to read and interpret
Can be more effective and efficient if CPM based
 Still the most popular method
Bars can be dashed to indicate work stoppage
Can be loaded with other information (budget, man-
hours, resources, etc.)
Bar Charts: Disadvantages
Does not show logic

 Some computer programs can show links but it
may look so complicated and confusing
Not practical for projects with too many
activities
 As a remedy, we can use bar charts to show:
1. A small group of the activities (subnet)
2. Summary schedules
More About Bar Charts
Bar charts can be loaded with many types of

information such as:
 “As built” compared to “as planned” (target) bars
 Early versus late dates, with or w/out float
 S-curves cumulative and incremental budget, man-
hours, or percent complete
However, too much data-loading for Bar charts
will defeat its purpose of being simple
Examples for Loaded Bar Charts
Manhours
. Foundation 7,000
First Floor 6,000
Second Floor 5,000
Third Floor 4,000
Fourth Floor 3,000
Roof 2,000
Site 1,000
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 Days
Examples for Loaded Bar Charts
Data Date
Percent
Remove Old Roof As Planned Complete
As Built 100%
Replace rotten rafters 90%
80%
Install Sheathing 70%
60%
Install Felt 50%
40%
Install Shingles 30%
20%
Clean Up 10%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Days
Quiz 3
Are the following statements True or False:
1. The bar representing a 4-day activity is twice as long as a
bar representing a 2-day activity in a bar chart
2. Bar chart method lost its applicability with the introduction of
the Critical Path Method
3. A bar representing an activity in a bar chart may not be
continuous
4. Bar charts and Gantt charts are two different methods
5. Bar charts can be loaded with information other than the
timeline of the project
Part IV Logic Networks – The
Critical Path Method
Arrow and Node Networks: definitions,
examples, comments, comparisons
Time-Scaled Logic Diagrams
The Critical Path Method (CPM): Calculations,
examples, definitions, comments, lags,
imposed finish date, calendars
Networks: A Definition
Network: A graphical representation of the
activities (and events) comprising the project,
in a logical and chronological depiction
Network diagrams are basically two types:
 1. arrow networks and
 node networks:
 2. Basic node networks
 3. Precedence networks
Arrow Networks
Arrow network: A network on which activities

are represented by arrows between nodes
(events) A
10 20
Also called: 5
 I-J Method (10-20 for activity A above),
 Activity on Arrow (AOA) Network,
 Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)
Arrow Networks
Network schedules were first developed by E. I.

Dupont de Nemours Company in conjunction with the
UNIVAC Applications Research Center of Remington
Rand between 1956 and 1958
At the beginning, Arrow Networks were the only way
to do CPM schedules
Since mid 1980s, Arrow Networks have become
obsolete. They were replaced by Node and Precedence
Networks
Arrow Networks:
Simple Example
Activity IPA*
A -
B A
C A
D B
E C, D
* IPA: Immediately Preceding Activities (or immediately followed by)
Example Solution
.
B 30 D
A E
10 20 40 50
Example 2 for Arrow Network
. Activity IPA
A -
B -
C -
D A
E A,B
F A,B,C
G E,F
H D,G
I D,G
Solution
.
A D
20
H 70
d1 d3
10
B 30
E G
50 60 80
d2 I
C F
40
Comments on Arrow Networks
An arrow represents an activity

A node represents an event of starting and/or finishing
an activity or activities
Arrow networks can only accommodate finish-start
relationships
Dummy activities are required in Arrow Networks for
logic or identity
Comments on Arrow Networks
“Waiting” periods have to be incorporated in the

network as real activities with durations but zero
resources
Even though a network is not time-scaled, arrows go
from left to right since the “X-axis” is supposed to -
loosely- represent time
Once the number of activities increase, it gets difficult
and complicated
Node Networks
A node network is a network where nodes

represent activities and arrows represent logic
relationships (dependencies)
Also called activity on node (AON)
Precedence diagrams (or networks) are an
advanced form for node networks
Example 1 Using Node Networks
.
Activity IPA B D
A -
A E
B A
C A
C
D B
E C, D
Example 2 for Node Network
. Activity IPA
A -
B -
C -
D A
E A,B
F A,B,C
G E,F
H D,G
I D,G
Solution of Example 2
.
A D H
PS B E G I
PF
C F
Tips for Proper Node Network
Drawing - 1
Improper Proper
A A
5 5
Drawing - 2
Improper Proper
A A
5 5
B B
3 3
Drawing - 3
Improper Proper
A A
5 5
B
B
3
3
Drawing - 4
Improper Proper
A
A 5
5
B
3
or
A
B
5
3
B
3
Drawing - 5
Improper Proper
A C A C
5 4 5 4
B D B D
3 7 3 7
Drawing - 6
Starting a network diagram
Improper Proper
A A
5 5
B B
PS
3 3
C C
4 4
Drawing - 7
Ending a network diagram
Improper Proper
X
X
5
5
Y Y
3 3 PF
Z Z
4 4
Quiz 4
True or False:
1. A node in an arrow diagram represents an event
2. An arrow in an arrow diagram represents an event
3. A node in a node diagram represents an event
4. An arrow in a node diagram represents a logic relationship
5. A milestone is a term used by scheduling software to indicate
an important event
6. One of the major advantages of networks over bar charts is
ability to depict logic
The Critical Path Method
The Critical Path Method (CPM): A scheduling

technique using networks for graphic display
of the work plan
 Network calculations determine when activities can
be performed, the expected completion date of the
project, and the critical path of the project
CPM Calculations: Example
Activity Duration IPA

(days)
A 5 -
B 8 A
C 6 A
D 9 B
E 6 B,C
F 3 C
G 1 D,E,F
CPM Calculations:
Example 1 Graphic Solution
.
5, 13 13, 22
B D
8 9
0, 5 5, 13 3 13, 19 13, 22 22, 23

A E G
5 6 1
0, 5 16, 22 22, 23
5 5, 11 8 11, 14
C F
6 3
10, 16 19, 22
All dates above represent the end of the day
CPM Calculations:
Example 1 Tabular Solution
Activity Duration ES EF LS LF TF
A 5 0 5 0 5 0
B 8 5 13 5 13 0
C 6 5 11 10 16 5
D 9 13 22 13 22 0
E 6 13 19 16 22 3
F 3 11 14 19 22 8
G 1 22 23 22 23 0
The Critical Path: Definition
The Critical Path: The longest continuous path

in a network from start to finish
 The critical path represents the summation of the
durations of activities along that path, including
lags and taking constraints in consideration
 The critical path establishes the minimum overall
project duration
The Critical Path
The definition “the path with zero float” is inaccurate. It
would be correct if we say “the path with least float”
For every network, there must be at least one critical path
but there might be more than one critical path
Multiple paths may share one or more activities
Activities on the critical path, by definition, have no float
(unless in some cases of imposed finished date, critical
activities then are those with least float)
A critical activity: An activity on the critical path. It
is an activity that is if delayed, the entire project
will get delayed
CPM Definitions
Forward pass: The process of going from the start to

finish of a network in order to calculate early start and
early finish dates for each activity, and the expected
finish date for the entire project
Backward pass: The process of going from the finish
to start of a network in order to calculate late start
and late finish dates for each activity.
Both passes identify the critical path and float times
for activities
CPM Definitions
Predecessor Activity: An activity that has to finish (or

start) in order for the succeeding activity(s) to start
(or finish). It has been also defined as an activity that
has some measurable portion of its duration logically
restraining a subsequent activity or activities
Successor Activity: An activity that cannot start (or
finish) until another activity (predecessor) has finished
(or started)
CPM Definitions
Early Start, ES: The earliest date the activity can start
within project constraints
Early Finish, EF: The earliest date the activity can
finish within project constraints
Late Start, LS: The latest date the activity can start
without delaying the completion of the project
Late Finish, LF: The latest date the activity can finish
without delaying the completion of the project
CPM Definitions
Total Float, TF: The maximum amount of time an

activity can be delayed from its early start (ES)
without delaying the entire project
 TF = LS – ES
= LF – EF
= LF – ES - Duration
Float is one of the most important, interesting, and
controversial issues in construction; not only from
technical point of view, but from legal point of view as
well
CPM Definitions
Total float is broken down into free float ,

independent float, and interfering float
CPM Calculations: Example 2

A 5 -
B 7 A
C 4 A
D 5 B
E 6 B,C
F 3 C
G 8 D,E
H 5 E
I 4 E,F
J 1 G,H,I
CPM Calculations:
Example 2 Graphic Solution
1
12, 17 18, 26
D G
5, 12 5 8
B
7 13, 18 18, 26
26, 27
5, 12 3 J
0, 5 12, 18 18, 23
1
A E H
5 6 5 26, 27
4
0, 5 12, 18 21, 26 18, 22
3 I
5, 9 4
10
C 9, 12
4 F 22, 26
3
8, 12
19, 22
Free Float
Free Float, FF: The maximum amount of time

an activity can be delayed without delaying
the ES of the succeeding activity(s)
 FFi = min(ESi+1) – EFi 8, 15
 FF ≤ TF 2,8
E
7
B 10,17
6
4,10
12, 17
F
5
Free Float Calculation in Our
Example: Activities C, F, I
.
12, 18 18, 23 26, 27

E H J
6 5 1
12, 18 21, 26 18, 22 26, 27

I
5, 9 4
C 9, 12
4 F 22, 26
3
8, 12
19, 22
CPM Calculations:
Example 2 Tabular Solution
Activity ES EF LS LF TF FF
A 0 5 0 5 0 0
B 5 12 5 12 0 0
C 5 9 8 12 3 0
D 12 17 13 18 1 1
E 12 18 12 18 0 0
F 9 12 19 22 10 6
G 18 26 18 26 0 0
H 18 23 21 26 3 3
I 18 22 22 26 4 4
J 26 27 26 27 0 0
CPM Calculations: Example 3
.
A 5 -
B 6 A
C 5 A
D 3 A
E 3 B
F 4 B, C
G 4 D
H 7 B,C,G
I 8 E, F
J 2 F
K 3 H, J
L 2 I, J
CPM Calculations: Exercise
.
B E I
6 3 8
L
2
A C F J
5 5 4 2 PF
D G H K
3 4 7 3
Graphic Solution
.
5, 11 1 11, 14 15, 23
B E I
6 3 8
23, 25
5, 11 12, 15 15, 23
L
1 5, 10 5 15, 17 2
0, 5 11, 15 25
23, 25
A C F J
5 5 4 2 PF
0, 5 6, 11 11, 15 20, 22
25
3 5, 8 3 8, 12 3 3
12, 19 19, 22
D G H K
3 4 7 3
8, 11 11, 15 15, 22 22, 25
Tabular Solution
.
Activity ES EF LS LF TF FF
A 0 5 0 5 0 0
B 5 11 5 11 0 0
C 5 10 6 11 1 1
D 5 8 8 11 3 0
E 11 14 12 15 1 1
F 11 15 11 15 0 0
G 8 12 11 15 3 0
H 12 19 15 22 3 0
I 15 23 15 23 0 0
J 15 17 20 22 5 2
K 19 22 22 25 3 3
L 23 25 23 25 0 0
End-of-Day Convention
The dates on the activities represent the “end of day”.

That’s why we always start with day 0: end of day 0 =
start of day 1
Quiz 5
True or False:
1. You can find out the project’s estimated completion date
after performing the forward pass only
2. You can find out the project’s critical path after performing
the forward pass only
3. “Event” is another name for an activity
4. “Task” is another name for an activity
5. There could be more than one critical path in a CPM network
6. Total float must be equal to or greater than free float

Done

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Done

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Construction Project Scheduling

Program Project Project Project Project Tasks

Subproject Subproject Subproject

They are all interrelated

Planning and scheduling are two terms that

 The level of details needed

Planning is the process of determining how a

Scheduling deals with “when” on a detailed level

Do all projects (of all types and sizes) have a

1. Break down the project into activities:

 Simple versus complex activities

Activity: A basic unit of work as part of the

An event: a point in time that is usually the start or

Slabs Beams/ Bldg

Constr. Project Sched. & Control - Dr. Mubarak - Part 1

One-way CIP Stairs

• Don’t forget level 0!

2. Estimate activity durations:

3. Set up the schedule logic:

 Lags & leads

4. Draw network & perform CPM Calculations

Defined as a graphic representation of project

Does not show logic

Bar charts can be loaded with many types of

First Floor 6,000

Second Floor 5,000

Third Floor 4,000

Fourth Floor 3,000

Arrow network: A network on which activities

Network schedules were first developed by E. I.

* IPA: Immediately Preceding Activities (or immediately followed by)

An arrow represents an activity

“Waiting” periods have to be incorporated in the

A node network is a network where nodes

The Critical Path Method (CPM): A scheduling

Activity Duration IPA

0, 5 5, 13 3 13, 19 13, 22 22, 23

All dates above represent the end of the day

The Critical Path: The longest continuous path

Forward pass: The process of going from the start to

Predecessor Activity: An activity that has to finish (or

Total Float, TF: The maximum amount of time an

Total float is broken down into free float ,

Activity Duration IPA

Free Float, FF: The maximum amount of time

12, 18 18, 23 26, 27

12, 18 21, 26 18, 22 26, 27

The dates on the activities represent the “end of day”.

Вам также может понравиться