MUSCULOSKELETAL

SYSTEM
I NYOMAN MANGKU KARMAYA

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Department of Anatomy, Medical 3
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 WHAT’S MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM

1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM (MYOLOGY)

2. SKELETAL SYSTEM (OSTEOLOGY)

3. ARTICULAR SYSTEM (ARTHROLOGY)

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 WHY MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM ?

1. NORMAL – ABNORMAL
2. DAILY – PARTICULAR ACTIVITIES
3. HEALTH - DISEASE
4. PREVENTION-CURE-REHABILITATION
5. BASIC – CLINICAL SCIENCES

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WHAT ASPECTS ?
1. ANATOMY

2. HISTOLOGY

3. PHYSIOLOGY

4. BIOCHEMISTRY

5. CLINICAL

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Clinical aspects
• Congenital
• Infection
• Trauma
• Degenerative
• Malignancy
• Metabolism

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Human musculoskeletal system

• also known as the locomotor system is

an organ system that gives animals the
ability to move using the muscular and
skeletal systems.
• The musculoskeletal system provides
form, stability, and movement to the
human body.

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 It is made up of the
• bones (the skeleton),
• muscles,
• cartilage,
• tendons,
• ligaments,
• joints,
• and other connective tissue

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Department of Anatomy, Medical 10
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Department of Anatomy, Medical 11
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Department of Anatomy, Medical 12
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 The Human Skeletal System
22 bones in skull
6 in middle ears
1 hyoid bone
26 in vertebral column
25 in thoracic cage

4 in pectoral girdle
60 in upper limbs
60 in lower limbs
2 in pelvic girdle

206 bones in all Department of Anatomy, Medical 13

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206 bones in the adult body and perform
five main functions

• Provide support for the body

• Store minerals and lipids

• Produce blood cells

• Protect body organs

• Provide leverage and movement

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Study the skeletal system from
four different viewpoints

• Bone As Tissues.
• Bone As An Individual Organ.
• Articulations (Joints)--Arthrology.
• The Human Skeleton

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 Bone Marks
• crest : a sharp prominent bony ridge
• condyle : a rounded prominence that articulates with
another bone
• epicondyle : a small projection located on or above a
condyle
• facet : a smooth, nearly flat articular surface
• fissure : a narrow cleft-like passage
• foramen (foramina) : a hole
• fovea : a pit, generally used for attachment rather than
for joint
• head : larger end of long bone, often set off from shaft
from neck
 Bone Marks
• line : a slight bony ridge
• meatus : a canal or tube-like structure
• process : a prominence or projection
• spine : a slender pointed projection
• sulcus : a groove
• trochanter : a large, somewhat blunt process
• tubercle : a nodule or small rounded process
• tuberosity : a broad process, larger than a
tubercle
•
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21
 TYPES OF BONES
a. Long Bones.
Example: femur.
b. Short Bones.
Example: carpal
bones.
c. Flat Bones.
Example: the
cranial frontal
bone.
d. Irregular Bones.
Example: a
vertebra. Department of Anatomy, Medical
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 Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Ventral view Department of Anatomy, Medical 23

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Dorsal view
Axial skeleton
skull (cranium and facial bones)
hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles
associated with swallowing)
vertebral column (vertebrae and disks)
thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)

Appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)
upper limbs (arms)
pelvic girdle (coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx)
lower limbs (legs)

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AXIAL SKELETON

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 1. neurocranium:
• Calvaria
• Cranial base
2. Viscerocranium

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The skull

8 sutured bones in
cranium
Facial bones: 13
sutured bones, 1
mandible

Cranium
encases brain
attachments for
muscles
sinuses What is PTERION?
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 Paranasal Sinuses
 Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity

Figure 5.10
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Faculty Udayana
University Slide
Department of Anatomy, Medical 30
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 The Hyoid Bone

 The only bone that

does not articulate
with another bone

 Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue
Figure 5.12
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Faculty Udayana University Slide 5.26
Coccygeal
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 Vertebral column

7 cervial
vertebrae
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum (5 fused
1 coccyx (4 fused)

Vertebrae vary in
size and
morphology

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Parts of avertebra
Corpus (1)
Pedicle (4)
Lamina (6) Arcus vertebralis
Foramen vertebralis (5)
Facies articularis (7)
Processus transversus (3)
Processus spinosus (2)

The lesser load the

smaller in size

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 WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENS
BETWEEN
CERVICAL,
THORACAL,
LUMBAL, SACRAL
AND COCCYGEUS ?
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INTERVERTEBRAL
DISC
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The Human Muscular System
• The muscles of your body produce
movement by pulling, not pushing.
• If all your muscles pulled in one direction,
your could lift almost 25 tons
• Their functions: movement, facial
expression, protection (fight/flight),
abdominal visceral fixation,
respiration/breathing, temprature
regulation, body shape/building
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 • Types of
muscles:

• Cardiac -
involuntary muscle
of the heart wall.
• Smooth -
involuntary muscle
of the stomach,
intestine, and
blood vessels.
• Skeletal -
voluntary, striated
muscles attached
to bones.

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 More than 600 muscles in your body, you should know
the location of at least the following skeletal muscles

The Arms The Legs The Trunk

Deltoid Sartorius Pectoralis major

abducts arm flexes hip and adducts
Biceps brachii knee humerus
flexes forearm Rectus femoris Rectus
supinates extends knee Abdominus
forearm Gluteus maximus produces
from neutral extensor of hip trunk
Triceps brachii rotates thigh motions
extends forearm Biceps femoris Trapezius
flexes knee elevates and
Gastrocnemius rotates
flexes ankle scapula
stabilizes ankle and Latissimus dorsi
knee when standing rotates
humerus
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 Origin

1. When muscle
contracts, it
shortens and
causes movement
2. Skeletal muscles
attached to bones
by tendons
3. Insertion-
attachment to more
movable bone
4. Origin- less
movable
5. Flexors and
extensors act on
the same joint to
Insertion produce opposite
actions
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 • Muscle attachment:

• Origin - point of attachment on the stationary bone.

Insertion - point of attachment on the moving bone.

• Directions of movement:
– Flexion - brings a body part forward.
– Extension - moves a body part to the rear.
– Abduction - moves an appendage laterally from the midline.
– Adduction - moves an appendage toward the midline.
– Circumduction - movement of an appendage in a circle around
a joint.
– Pronation - rotating the palm of the hand downward.
– Supination - rotating the palm of the hand upward.
– Inversion - turning the toes of the foot inward.
– Eversion - turning the toes of the foot outward.

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Department of Anatomy, Medical 56
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 Muscle movement:

• Most skeletal muscles work in groups:

– Agonists (prime movers)- muscles primarily

responsible for an action due to their contraction.
– Antagonists (oppose the agonist action) - muscles
that relax to smooth the action of the agonists.
– Synergists : complement the action of prime movers
– Fixators: steady the proximal parts of a limb while
movements occuring in distal parts

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When muscle contracts, it shortens and causes
movement

Skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons

Insertion- attachment to more movable bone

Origin- less movable

Flexors and extensors act on the same joint

to produce opposite actions

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 Naming muscle
• 1. Size. exp.: gluteus maximus, gluteus
minimus . Other terms used to indicate
size are vastus (huge), longus (long), and
brevis (short).
• 2. Shape. Deltoid, trapezius ,latissimus
(wide) and teres (round).
3. Direction of fibers. rectus abdominis,
orbicularis ,transverse (across) and
oblique (diagonal).
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 Naming muscle
• 4. Location. frontalis ,external obliques
,pectoralis (chest), gluteus (buttock),
brachii (arm), and sub (beneath). You
should also review these directional terms:
anterior, posterior, lateral, medial,
proximal, distal, superficial, and deep.
5. Attachment. Sternocleidomastoid,
brachioradialis

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 Naming muscle
• 6. Number of attachments. biceps brachii
has two attachments, or origins (and is
located on the arm). The quadriceps
femoris has four origins (and is located on
the anterior femur).
7. Action. Extensor, adductor magnus
Other terms used to indicate action are
flexor (to flex), masseter (to chew), and
levator (to lift).
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 Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle
(1)

Trapezius Levator Pectoralis Rhomboideus

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 Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle
(2)

Serratus Sternocleidom Splenius Scalene

anterior astoideus
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 Muscles of the Shoulder Joint

Deltoids Teres Pectoralis Latissimus

major major
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 Muscles of the Shoulder Joint
• The Following 4 Muscles Make up the Rotator Cuff

Supraspinatus Infra spinatus Teres

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 Muscles at the Elbow Joint

Biceps Brachii Brachialis Brachio radialis Supinator

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 Muscles at the Elbow Joint

Triceps Brachii Anconeus Pronator teres Promator

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 Muscles of the Wrist & Hand (flexors)

Flex. Carpi radialis

Flex. Carpi ulnaris

Flex. Pollicis longus Flex. Digitorum profundys

Flex. Digitorum superficialis 68

 Muscles of the Wrist & Hand (extensors)

Ext. carpi radialis Ext. digitorum

Ext. carpi radialis
longus communis
brevis

Ext. carpi ulnaris Ext. pollicis longus

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 Muscles of the Core

Rectus abdominis External obliques Internal obliques Transverse abdominis

Quadratus lumborum Erector spinae 70

Multifidus
 Muscles of the Hip & Pelvic Girdle

Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia latae

Sartorius Ilio psoas Piriformis

Rectus femoris
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 The Adductor Complex

Add. Magnus Add. longus Add. Brevis Gracillis Pectineus

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 3 Muscles Make up the Hamstrings

Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

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 Muscles of the Knee Joint

• Hamstrings +
• Popliteus +

• Quadiceps Femoris

Rectus femoris Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis74

 Muscles of the Foot & Ankle

Gastrocn Soleus
emeus Tibialis posterior Tibialis anterior Peroneus longus

Peroneus Peroneus Ext.Digit.Long 75

Ext.HallLong Flex.Hall.Long Flex.Digit.Long
brevis tertius
Movement Type Description Examples

Movement that decreases the joint angle, usually Shoulder, knee, elbow,
Flexion
anteriorly in the sagittal plane hip movement

Movement the increases the joint angle, usually Shoulder, knee, elbow,
Extension
posteriorly in the sagittal plane. hip movement

Movement away the midline of the body, usually in the Shoulder, wrist, hip
Abduction
frontal plane movement

Movement toward the midline of the body, usually in Shoulder, wrist, hip
Adduction
the frontal plane movement

Horizontal Movement away the midline of the body in the Shoulder, wrist, hip
Abduction transverse plane movement

Horizontal Movement toward the midline of the body in the Shoulder, wrist, hip
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Adduction transverse plane movement

Internal (medial) Rotation
External (lateral) Adduction
Lateral Flexion (right or left)
Rotation (right or left)
Elevation
Depression
Retraction
Protraction
Rotation toward away the
midline of the body in the Shoulder, hip movement
transverse plane
Rotation toward the midline of
Shoulder, hip movement
the body in the transverse plane
Movement away the midline of
Neck, trunk movement
the body in the frontal plane
Right or left rotation in the
Neck, trunk movement
transverse plane
Movement of the scapula
(shoulder girdle) superiorly in Scapula movement
the frontal plane
Movement of the scapula
(shoulder girdle) inferiorly in Scapula movement
the frontal plane
Movement of the scapula
(shoulder girdle) toward the Scapula movement
spine in the transverse plane
Movement of the scapula
(shoulder girdle) away from the Scapula movement 77
spine in the transverse plane
 Superior and lateral movement of the inferior
Upward Rotation angle of the scapula (shoulder girdle)
in the frontal plane

Inferior and medial movement of the inferior

Downward Rotation angle of the scapula (shoulder girdle)
in the frontal plane

A compound circular movement involving

Circumduction
flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane. (Same

Radial Deviation
as abduction)

Adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane. (Same

Ulnar Deviation
as adduction)

Diagonal movement of the thumb across the palm

Opposition of the hand to make contact with the
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5th digit
Eversion Abduction of the ankle Ankle movement
Inversion Adduction of the ankle Ankle movement

Flexing the ankle so that the foot

Dorsiflexion moves anteriorly in the sagittal Ankle movement
plane

Extending the ankle so that the

Plantarflexion foot moves posteriorly in the Ankle movement
sagittal plane

Combined movements of
Foot / ankle movement -
abduction and eversion resulting
Pronation (foot / ankle) Running on the inner edge of the
in lowering of the medial
foot.
(inner) margin of the foot.

Combined movements of
Foot / ankle movement -
adduction and inversion
Supination (foot / ankle) Running on the outer edge of the
resulting in raising of the medial
foot.
(inner) margin of the foot. 79
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 FACIAL
EXPRESSION

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IDENTIFY ALL MUSCLES THOSE INVOLVE IN RESPIRATION
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Muscle of back:
1. Superficial/extrinsic
2. Deep/intrinsic
• Superficial
• Internediate
• Deep

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TERIMAKASIHKU

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