MULTIPLE

ALLELES
Genes that have more than two
alleles

© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

 Genes and their alleles

 About 30% of the genes in humans are di-

allelic
They exist in two forms, (they have two
alleles)
 About 70% are mono-allelic, they only exist
in one form and they show no variation
 A few are poly-allelic having more than two
forms.

© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

 Combinations

 Di-allelic genes can generate 3 genotypes

AA, Aa and aa
 Genes with 3 alleles can generate 6 genotypes
 Genes with 4 alleles can generate 10 genotypes
 Genes with 8 alleles can generate 36 genotypes.

© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

 Genes and the immune
system
 Poly-allelic genes associated with tissue types
 Genes so varied they provide us with our
genetic finger print
 Important for our immune system
 self and non-self.

© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

 The ABO blood system
 Controlled by a tri-allelic gene
 6 genotypes

 The alleles for antigens on the surface of the red

blood cells
 Two of the alleles are codominant to one
another and both are dominant over the third

 Allele IA produces antigen A

 Allele IB produces antigen B
 Allele i produces no antigen.
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS
 The ABO blood system
Genotypes Phenotypes (Blood types)
IA IA A
IA IB AB
IAi A
IB IB B
IB i B
ii O
Note:
 Blood types A and B have two possible genotypes –
homozygous and heterozygous
 Blood types AB and O only have one genotype each.

© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

 Blood types and
transfusions
 Blood types vary and your immune system
recognises your own blood type = self
 Other blood types = non-self
 If a blood, which is incompatible with your
body, is transfused it will result in the
agglutination of the foreign red blood
cells.

© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

 Antigens

http://www.bcell.org.uk/Slide1.JPG

encarta.msn.com/.../Erythrocytes.html

© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

www.okc.cc.ok.us/.../Plasma_Membrane.htm
 Agglutination

www.vet-lyon.fr/.../ENV_immuno_1A/immun1-04.htm.

© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

 Blood types and
transfusions
 Type A people produce antibodies to agglutinate
cells which carry Type B antigens
Recognised as non-self
 The opposite is true for people who are Type B
 Neither of these people will agglutinate blood cells
which are Type O
Type O cells do not carry any antigens for the ABO
system
Type O cells pass incognito
 What about type AB people?

© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

 Donor-recipient compatibility
Recipient

Type A B AB O
A
Donor B
AB
O

Note:
 Type O blood may be transfused into all
= Agglutination the other types = the universal donor
 Type AB blood can receive blood from
= Safe transfusion all the other blood types = the universal
recipient.
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS
Additional Antigen in
our Red Blood Cells
Let’s try it out!
SAMPLE PROBLEMS &
QUIZ
Sample Problem
 Boththe father and mother
have type O blood.
________x________
Phenotypes:
________________

Phenotypic ratio :
________________

Genotypes:
________________

Genotypic ratio:
________________
Sample Problem
 The father is type A homozygous,
the mother is type B homozygous.
________x________
Phenotypes:
________________

Phenotypic ratio :
________________

Genotypes:
________________

Genotypic ratio:
________________
Sample Problem
 The father is type A heterozygous,
the mother is type B heterozygous.
________x________
Phenotypes:
________________

Phenotypic ratio :
________________

Genotypes:
________________

Genotypic ratio:
________________
Problem #1
 The father has type O blood, the
mother has type AB blood.
________x________
Phenotypes:
________________

Phenotypic ratio :
________________

Genotypes:
________________

Genotypic ratio:
________________
Problem #2
 Both the father and mother have
type AB blood.
________x________
Phenotypes:
________________

Phenotypic ratio :
________________

Genotypes:
________________

Genotypic ratio:
________________
Problem #3
 Alice has type A blood and her husband Mark
has type B blood.
 Their first child, Amanda, has type O blood.
 Their second child, Alex, has type AB blood.

________x________
What is Alice’s
genotype?
_____________

What is Mark’s
genotype?
_____________
Problem #4
 Candace has type B blood. Her husband
Dan has type AB blood.
 Is it possible for Candace and Dan to have a
child that has O blood? ___________
 Explain why or why not?
Problem #5
 Ralph has type B blood and his wife Rachel
has type A blood. They are very shocked to
hear that their baby has type O blood and think
that a switch might have been made at the
hospital.
 Can this baby be theirs? _____________
 Explain why or why not
Task: Survey
 How many of your batchmates can
donate blood to you?
 Will you donate blood to your
batchmates if ever he/she needs
one?
 Create a list of students in your
notebook.
Epistasis
Additional Mode of Inheritance
 Epistasis
 Occurs when the action of one gene is modified
by one or several other genes, which are
sometimes called modifier genes.
 Epistatic and Hypostatic
 Masking epistasis occurs when a gene at one locus
masks the expression of a gene at the second locus;
hence the second locus is not expressed.
 Modifying epistasis occurs when a gene at one locus
modifies or changes the expression of the phenotype of
a gene at the second locus.