Prepared By: Ms.

Christine Torres
CHAPTER ONE: Nature of Inquiry and Research
• Quantitative Research
• Characteristics of Quantitative Research
• Strengths of Quantitative Research
• Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
• Kinds of Quantitative Research
• Importance of Quantitative Research
• Variables
• Types of Variables
• Assessment
 CHAPTER 1:
NATURE OF INQUIRY AND
RESEARCH
What is Research?

• The word research was

coined from the French
word “cerhier” which
means seek. The prefix “re”
means to repeat. Literally,
research is to repeat looking
for something.
What is Research?

• Research is widely recognized as an important

tool for solving man’s various problems and in
making life more colorful and convenient.
• Research is a natural day-to-day
activity of gathering information.
What is Quantitative research?
What is Quantitative research?

• One form of research which is more disciplined

in its methodology and more scientific in its
procedure.
• An academic research can be quantitative in its
approach. It means that information are obtained and
presented in numerical form and analyzed through
the use of statistics.

• Quantitative research is an objective, systematic

empirical investigation of observable phenomena
through the use of computational techniques.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
1.Objective

Quantitative research seeks accurate

measurement and analysis of target concepts.
It is not based on mere intuitions and
guesses. Data are gathered before proposing
a conclusion or solution to a problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

2. Clearly defined research questions

In quantitative research, the researchers know in

advance what they are looking for. The research
questions are well-defined for which objective
answers are sought. All aspects of the study are
carefully designed before data are gathered.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
3. Structured research instruments

Data are normally gathered using structured

research tools such as questionnaires to collect
measurable characteristics of the population like
age, socio-economic status, number of children,
among others.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

4. Numerical Data

Data are in the form of numbers and

statistics, often organized and presented using
tables, charts, graphs and figures that
consolidate large numbers of data to show
trends, relationships, or differences among
variables.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
5. Large sample sizes

To arrive at a more reliable data analysis, a normal

population distribution curve is preferred. This
requires a large sample size, depending on how
the characteristics of the population vary. Random
sampling is recommended in determining the
sample size to avoid researcher’s bias in
interpreting the results.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
6.Replication

Reliable quantitative studies can be repeated to

verify or confirm the correctness of the results in
another setting. This strengthens the validity of
the findings thus eliminating the possibility of
spurious conclusions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
7.Future Outcomes

By using complex mathematical calculations

and with the aid of computers, then scenarios may
be formulated thus predicting future results.
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. It is objective. Since it provides numerical

data, it can’t be easily misinterpreted.
2. The use of statistical techniques facilitates
sophisticated analyses and allows you to
comprehend a huge amount of vital characteristics
of data.
3. The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and
easy way. By employing statistically valid random
models, findings can be generalized to the
population about which information is necessary.
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

4. Quantitative studies are replicable.

Standardized approaches allow the study to be
replicated in different areas or over time with
the formulation of comparable findings.
WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Quantitative research requires a large number of

respondents. It is assumed that the larger the
sample is, the more statistically accurate the
findings are.
WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

2. It is costly. Since, there are more respondents

compared to qualitative research, the expenses will
be greater in reaching out to these people and in
reproducing the questionnaires.
WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

3. The information contextual factors to help

interpret the results or to explain variations are
usually ignored.
WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

4. Many information are difficult to gather using

structured research instruments specifically on
sensitive issues like pre-marital sex, domestic
violence, among others.
WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

5. If not done seriously and correctly, data from

questionnaires may be incomplete and inaccurate.
Researchers must be on the look-out on
respondents who are just guessing in answering the
instrument.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Descriptive research
This design is concerned with describing the
nature, characteristics and components of the
population or a phenomenon. There is no
manipulation of variables or search for cause and
effect related to the phenomenon. Descriptive
research is used if, for example you want to know how
many hours senior high school students spend in
social media, the number of malnourished students
who failed in the achievement test, and how healthy
is the food served during recess in the public schools.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Correlational research
It is systematic investigation of the nature of
relationships; or associations between and among variables
without necessarily investigating into causal reasons
underlying them. It is also concerned with the extent of
relationships that exist between or among the variables. For
example, if pre-board examination results can be used to
predict performance in the Licensure Examination for
Teachers (LET), then the higher the pre-board grade, the
higher most like be the score in the LET.
Correlational research is employed if you like to know,
for example, of the following factors are related to each
other; sex and mathematical ability, marriage and cancer
recovery, occupation and life span.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Evaluation Research
This kind of research aims to assess the
effects impacts or outcomes of practices,
policies or programs. Assessing the
implementation of nursing care in a hospital
and determining the impact of a new treatment
procedure for patients are example of
evaluation research.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Survey Research
A survey research is used to gather information from
groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen
from a population. It may be done in various ways like face-
to-face, phone, mail and online. A survey research may be
cross-sectional if the information is collected from a sample in
just single point on time just like the child-rearing practices of
single parents, and population control practices of unmarried
couples.
A survey research is considered longitudinal, if the
researcher collects information on the same subjects over a
period of time.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Casual-Comparative Research
It is also known as ex post facto (after the
fact) research. This kind of research derives
conclusion from observations and manifestations that
already occurred in the past and now compared to
some dependent variables. It discusses why and how
a phenomenon occurs.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Experimental research

This research utilizes scientific method to test

cause-and-effect relationships under conditions
controlled by the researcher.
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Accounting, Business and Management (ABM)

Researches can help design a new product or service,
figuring out what is needed and ensure that the development
of a product is highly targeted towards demand. Businessmen
can also utilize research results to guarantee sufficient
distribution of their products and decide where they need to
increase their product distribution. Conducting researches
can also help a business determine whether now is the
proper time to open another branch or whether it needs to
apply for a new loan. Research is important for any
organization to remain competitive in the market.
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Accounting, Business and Management (ABM)

Researches can help design a new product or service,
figuring out what is needed and ensure that the development
of a product is highly targeted towards demand. Businessmen
can also utilize research results to guarantee sufficient
distribution of their products and decide where they need to
increase their product distribution. Conducting researches
can also help a business determine whether now is the
proper time to open another branch or whether it needs to
apply for a new loan. Research is important for any
organization to remain competitive in the market.
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Science, Technology, Engineering, and

Mathematics (STEM)
Researches help in determining the effectiveness and
even side effect of drugs and therapies in different
populations in order to develop mechanism for best practices
and to ensure high-quality patient care.
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

As a whole research can help us understand and

assess the things and occurrences around us. It
provides us with rationale and justifications for our
decisions and actions. It gives us the opportunity to
discover various means of identifying problems, to
find new ways of dealing with life’s challenges, and to
come up with innovative materials and mechanism
that can improve quality of our lives.
VARIABLES
VARIABLES

• One of the aspects of research is to describe

and explain variables.
VARIABLES

• A variable is a central concept in research. It is

measurable characteristic that changes in value
it may vary from one group to another group,
one person to another or even with the same
person over time.
VARIABLES

• A variable is anything that may assume varied

numerical or categorical values. For instance,
sex is a variable, it may be male or female but
it won’t be applicable as a variable if the
setting of the research is an exclusive school
for the girls.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
Continuous and Discrete variables
TYPES OF VARIABLES

• Continuous Variable- A variable that can take

infinite number on the value that can occur within
a population is known as continuous variable. It
Values can be divided into fractions.
TYPES OF VARIABLES

• Interval variable – is a measurement where the

difference between two values does have
meaning.
TYPES OF VARIABLES

• Ratio Variable- possesses the property of interval

variable and has a clear definition of zero,
indication that there is none of that variable.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
• Discrete variable- is also known as categorical or
classificatory variable.
a.Nominal variable – is a variable with
no quantitative value. It has two or
more categories but does not imply
ordering of cases. Ex: Eye color,
business type, and religion. A sub-type
of nominal scale with only two
categories just like sex (male/female) is
known as dichotomous.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
• Discrete variable- is also known as categorical or
classificatory variable.
b.Ordinal variable – is a variable that has
two or more categories which can be ranked. If
you asked people if they liked listening to
music while studying and they could answer
either “Not very much” or “Much” or “Very
Much” then you have an ordinal variable.
While we can rank them, we cannot place a
value to them. In this type, distances between
attributes do not have any meaning.
Dependent and Independent variables
• Independent variable – the cause variable or the
one responsible for the conditions that act on
something else to bring about changes.
• Dependent variable -also called outcome variable
is the result or effect of the changes brought
about by another variable (Usually independent
variable).
ASSESSMENT TASKS PAGE 8-11
CHAPTER 2: IDENTIFYING AND
STATED THE PROBLEM
RESEARCH TOPIC

The first challenge of any

researcher is the identification of a research
topic. A research topic or problem is an
intellectual stimulus calling for an answer in
the form of scientific inquiry. Topics or
problems are general questions about
relations among variables, or characteristics
of the phenomenon which a researcher
needs to undertake.
SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS OR PROBLEM
SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS OR PROBLEM

1. Prevailing theories or philosophy

2. Observations, intuitions or a combination of both
3. Different subjects taken and from them identify a
problem that interests a student-researcher most.
4. Fields of interest or specialization or event from
related fields
5. Existing problems in the
classroom/school/campus/university which one
may want to solve are good sources of research
problems.
SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS OR PROBLEM

6. Existing needs of the community or society

7. Repetition or extension of investigations already
conducted or may be and offshoot of studies underway
8. Related studies and literatures
9. Advice of authorities or experts from funding agencies.
10. Offshoots of friendly conversations
11. Incidental from interesting topics of professors during
the course meeting session.
SELECTING THE RESEARCH TOPIC
SELECTING THE RESEARCH TOPIC

1. It should be something new or different from what has

already been written about.
2. It must be original.
3. It should be significant to the field of study or discipline.
4. It must necessarily arouse intellectual curiosity.
5. It should be of researcher’s interest and researcher
must be with the topic.
6. It should be a modest one for a beginner to be carried
on within a limited period of time.
7. It should be clear, not ambiguous.
SELECTING THE RESEARCH TOPIC

8. It should be specific, not general.

9. It should consider the training and personal qualifications of the
researcher.
10. It should consider the availability of data involved in the study and
the methods and techniques to be employed in gathering them.
11. It should consider the availability of effective instruments for
gathering the data and their treatments.
12. It should consider the financial capacity of the researcher to
support the project.
13. It should consider the time factor involved in the undertaking.
PAGE 16 OF BOOK
The end