Steel Sections

• Hot-Rolled Sections.

W S C L WT or ST
(a) Wide-flange (b) American (c) American (d) Angle (e) Structural (f) Pipe (g) Structural
Shape Standard Standard Tee Section Tubing
Beam Channel

a – Wide-flange : W 18  97
b – Standard (I) : S 12  35
c – Channel : C 9  20
(h) Bars (i) Plates
d – Angles : L 64½
e – Structural Tee : WT, MT or ST e.g. ST 8  76
f & g – Hollow Structural Sections HSS : 9 or 8  8

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• Built-Up Sections.

Built-up (W) shapes.

Built-up (C) Channels.

Built-up (L) Angles.

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• Tension Members.

(a) Round and rectangular (b) Cables composed (c) Single and double
bars, including eye bars of many small wires. angles.
and upset bars.

Perforated
plates

(d) Rolled W – and S – (e) Structural (f) Build-up box

sections. tee. sections.
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• Compression Members.

(a) Rolled W-and S- (b) Double (c) Structural (d) Structural (e) Pipe
sections. angles. tee. tubing section

(f) Built-up section

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The characteristics of steel that are of the most interest to
structural engineers can be examined by plotting the results
of a tensile test.
Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)

From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-
strain curve is a straight line. This linear relation between
elongation and the axial force causing was first noticed by Sir
Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within the
proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or
The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity
E or Young's Modulus and is equal to the slope of the stress-
strain diagram from O to P.

Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its
original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may
developed such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is
entirely removed.
Elastic and Plastic Ranges
The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic range. The region from
P to R is called the plastic range.
Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or
yielding without any increase in load.

Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile
strength.

Rapture Strength
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the
breaking strength.
Modulus of
Elasticity of Steel
(E) = 29,000 ksi
= 200,000 MPa
Different grades of structural steel are identified by the designation assigned them
by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

One of the most commonly used structural steels is a mild steel designated by
ASTM36 or A36 for short.

Yield Strength; Fy = 36,000 psi (ksi)

Tensile Strength; Fu =58,000 to 80,000 psi (58ksi to 80 ksi)

Other commonly used structural steels are ASTM A572 Grade50 and ASTMA992.
 Tensile Properties Comparison
Property A36 A572 A992
Gr.50
Yield Point, 36 ksi 50 ksi 50 ksi
min
Tensile 58-80 65 ksi 65ksi
Strength ksi