FEEDBACK AND CONTROL

SYSTEM

Instructor
Engr. Christopher Lizada

By:
Fatiga, Fritz Joseph
Giron, Aaron Knowell
Lerio, Mark Allen
Olaes, Charmaine
Roldan, Andrea Mae
A metal detector is a device which responds to metal
that may not be readily apparent.
 Itis known that this device, metal detector, detects
the presence of metals.
 The operation of metal detectors is based upon the
principles of electromagnetic induction.

INTRODUCTION
 Our objective is to make a metal detecting
device, with the application of feedback and
control system on the circuit and on the
operation of the device, also to enable us to
practice learned skills and knowledge on
electronics for this project.

OBEJCTIVE
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
  The figure shows the circuit diagram of metal detector. This circuit
uses 555 IC timer that acts as a square wave generator and it
generate pulses with frequencies audible to human.
 The +9v is connected to pin 1 & 8, then connected to the Pin 2
(trigger) are the Capacitor C2 & C1, a resistor and the Coil.
 The capacitor c2 which is connected to trigger and Ground
generates audible frequencies.
 A potentiometer is connected to the Pin 3(output) to adjust the
output value for the buzzer volume and pitch.
A SPST switch is connected to the buzzers and power source for
switching purpose.

DISCUSSION
FEEDBACK CIRCUIT
 Thecircuit diagram shows the Feedback circuit. In the circuit
there is an RLC circuit formed by 47K resistor, 2.2µF capacitor,
and 200 turn’s inductor. This RLC circuit is the metal detection
part.
 Thechoke acts as a inductor that has a high inductance value
on over the air core, whenever a metal piece is brought near
the coil, the metal piece acts as a core for the air cored
inductor.
 By this metal acting as a core, the inductance of the coil
changes or increases considerably. With this sudden increase
in inductance of coil the overall reactance or impedance of
the RLC circuit changes by a considerable amount when
compared without the metal piece.

DISCUSSION
 Output
input Integrated Circuit
RLC Circuit
555 Timer Buzzer

BLOCK DIAGRAM
PCB LAYOUT
 Themetal detector is functioning well, the buzzer
produces different sound pitches when normal state
and when a metal is detected, the metal detector
operates its application when a metal is above or
below the Choke, thus verifying the metal detection.
Lastly, the metal detector induction on the coil isn’t
that on a large scale, it is only effective on a short
distance.

RESULTS
 TheMetal detecting is one of a mostly used practices on
our technology which helps improves security.
 Themetal detecting uses the application of
electromagnetic conduction wherein the coil acts builds
up an electromagnetic field and acts as a sensor when a
inductive material nearby.
 This
metal detector project helps in understanding the
feedback and control system through the concept of the
metal detecting.

CONCLUSION
 The metal detector device made is a Beat frequency
oscillator (BFO) type, thus we recommend other types of
metal detector, like Pulse induction (PI) and Very Low
Frequency (VLF).Other types are more broad use for metal
detection. The BFO type is cheap and inexpensive, it is only
suitable for a practice and introductory for metal detection.

RECOMMENDATION