Sistem Kontrol

Generator Sinkron

SEKOLAH TINGGI TEKNIK PLN

Nopember 2015
GENERATOR SINKRON
Synchronous Generators

• Are the primary source of all electrical energy

•Commonly used to convert the mechanical power
output of steam turbines, gas turbines,
reciprocating engines, hydro turbines into electrical
power for the grid
•Can be extremely large – power ratings up to
1500MW!!!
•Are known as synchronous machines because
they operate at synchronous speed (speed of
rotor always matches supply frequency)
Synchronous Generators:
Operating Principle
•The rotor is mounted on a shaft driven by mechanical
prime mover
• A field winding (rotating or stationary) carries a DC
current to produce a constant magnetic field.
•An AC voltage is induced in the 3-phase armature
winding (stationary or rotating) to produce electrical
power.
•The electrical frequency of the 3- phase output
depends upon the mechanical speed and the number
of pole.
 Introduction
• Synchronous generators
• Input:
• Mechanical power applied to the rotor shaft
• Field excitation to create a magnetic field constant in
magnitude and that rotates with the rotor.
• Output:
• P and Q (electric signal with a given frequency for v and i)

Field
Excitation Q

5 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012

Types of Synchronous Generators
• Stationary field (rotating armature)
• Revolving field (rotating field)
Stationary Field Synchronous
Generator
• Poles on the stator (field winding) are supplied with DC to
create a stationary magnetic field.
•Armature winding on rotor consists of a 3-phase winding
whose terminals connect to 3 slip-rings on the shaft.
• Brushes connect the armature to the external 3-phase
load
•This arrangement works for low power machines
(<5kVA). For higher powers (& voltages), issues with
brushes and insulation of rotor windings.

GENERATOR SINKRON
Revolving Field Synchronous Generator
• Most common – also known as alternator
•Stationary armature with 3-phase winding on
stator
• 3-phases directly connected to load
•Rotating magnetic field created by DC field
winding on rotor, powered by slip-rings / brushes
Producing the DC field
•For both stationary and revolving fields, DC supply is
normally produced by DC generator mounted on same
shaft as rotor.
•Permanent magnets can also produce DC field – used
increasingly in smaller machines as magnets get
cheaper.
Number of Poles
The number of poles on a synchronous
generator depends upon the speed of
rotation and desired frequency

Where f = frequency of the induced

voltage (Hz)
p = number of poles on the rotor
n = speed of the rotor (rpm)
Synchronous Generator: Stator
•From an electrical standpoint, the stator of a
synchronous generator is identical to that of a 3-
phase induction motor (cylindrical laminated core
containing slots carrying a 3-phase winding).
•The nominal line voltage of a synchronous
generator depends upon its kVA rating – the
greater the power, the higher the voltage
•The nominal line voltage seldom exceeds 25kV,
since the increased slot insulation takes up
valuable space at the expense of copper
conductors
STATOR GENERATOR SINKRON
Synchronous Generator: Rotor
• Salient-pole rotors
– Used for low speed applications (<300rpm) which
require large number of poles to achieve required
frequencies (e.g. Hydro turbines)

• Cylindrical rotors
– Used for high-speed applications (steam/gas turbines).
–Minimum number of poles is 2, so for 50Hz the
maximum speedis 3000rpm.
–High speed of rotation produces strong centrifugal
forces, which impose upper limit on the rotor diameter.
ROTOR GENERATOR SINKRON
Field Excitation and Exciters
•DC field excitation is an important part of the
overall design of a synchronous generator
•The field must ensure not only a stable AC
terminal voltage, but must also respond to
sudden load changes – rapid field response is
important.
• Main and pilot exciters are used
•Brushless excitation systems employ power
electronics (rectifiers) to avoid brushes / slip ring
assemblies
A brushless exciter: a low 3-phase current is rectified and used to supply
the field circuit of the exciter (located on the stator).
The output of the exciter’s armature circuit (on the rotor) is rectified and
used as the field current of the main machine.
To make the excitation of a generator completely independent of any
external power source, a small pilot exciter is often added to the circuit.
The pilot exciter is an AC generator with a permanent magnet mounted on
the rotor shaft and a 3-phase winding on the stator producing the power
for the field circuit of the exciter.
 Three Phase Equivalent Circuit of the
Synchronous Generator
 You observe the DC power source
supplying the rotor field circuit.
The figure also shows that each
phase has an induced voltage
with a series XS and a series RA.
The voltages and currents of the
three phases are identical but
120 apart in angle.

 The three phases can be either Y

or ∆ . If they are Y connected,
then the terminal voltage VT is
related to the phase voltage by
VT  3V
The full equivalent circuit of a three-phase
If ∆ connected : synchronous generator

V T  V
 Phasor Diagram
Voltages in a synchronous
generator are expressed as phasor s
because they are AC voltages. Sinc e
we have magnitude and angle, the
relationship between voltage and
current must be expressed by a
two-dimensional plot.

It is noticed that, for a given Phasor diagram of a

synchronous generator at unity
phase voltage and armature
power factor (purely resistive
current, a larger induced voltage EA Load).
is required for lagging loads than
leading loads.
 Phasor Diagram
Phasor diagram of a
synchronous generator at
lagging factor (Inductive
Load).

Phasor diagram of a
synchronous generator at
leading factor (Capacitive
Load).

Notice that larger internal voltage is needed for lagging loads, therefore,
larger field currents is needed with lagging loads to get same terminal
voltage E A  K
 The speed of rotation and internal
voltage of Syn. Generator
• Synchronous means
that the electrical
frequency produced is nm P 120f
fe   nm 
locked with the 120 P
mechanical rate of
rotation of the
generator. EA  2Ncf  K

• The internal voltage in

SG is given by following K : constant represents
formula: construction of machine
: radian /s
 The speed of rotation and internal voltage
of Syn. Generator
• Synchronous means that The internal voltage in SG
the electrical frequency
produced is locked with
is given by following
the mechanical rate of formula
rotation of the generator. EA  2  N c  f  4 . 4 4 4 N c BAf
2f N
EA  N c   c 
P P nm Pn m
fe  fm  ( )   2 2
2 2 60 120 EA  K
120 f e
nm  N = number of turns,
B= flux density,
P A = cross sectional area of the magnetic circuit,
Example: f = frequency,
•Determine the rotation speed φ= flux per pole
(r/min)for SG consists of : K : constant represents construction of machine
- 2 poles, 50 HZ, 2 poles 60 Hz, : radian /s
- 4 poles 50 HZ, 4 poles 60 Hz EA: is proportional to flux and speed ,
• Determine number of poles for 50 Hz flux depend on the current flowing
,operate at 1000 r/min SG ? the rotor field circuits field
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5.1 INTRODUCTION TO POLYPHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

Two types:
1-Cylindirical rotor: High speed, fuel or gas fired power plants

p n p
fe   n
2 60 120
To produce 50 Hz electricity
p=2, n=3000 rpm
p=4, n=1500 rpm

2-Salient-pole rotor: Low speed, hydroelectric power plants

To produce 50 Hz electricity
p=12, n=500 rpm
p=24, n=250 rpm

5-31
 Power Relationships
Not all the mechanical power going into a synchronous generator becomes
electrical power out of the machine. The difference between input power and
output power represents the losses of the machine. The input mechanical power
is the shaft power in the generator.

Pout
Pin (Motor)
Pconverted
Pin  s m (Pm) 3VT I L cos

Pconv ind m

Stray losses Rotational Core losses Copper losses

(Pst) losses (Pr) (Pc) (Pcu)

Pc  Pr Pst 2
3IA RA
 Frequency Power and Voltage
The speed droop of prime mover:

nnl nfl
SD  100%
nfl
where: nnl : No load speed
nfl : Full load speed

The relation between power and frequency:

P sp ( fnl fsys )

The relation between reactive power and voltage:

where: P: output power Q sp (VnlVsys)

Sp: slope of the curve in kwh/Hz
fnl: No load frequency
ffl: Full load frequency
Q: output reactive power
Sp: slope of the curve in kvar/Hz
Vnl: No load voltage
33
Vfl: Full load voltage
 Synchronous generators control
• Effect of varying field excitation in synchronous generators:
• When loaded there are two sources of excitation:
• ac current in armature (stator)
• dc current in field winding (rotor)

•If the field current is enough to generate the necessary mmf,

then no magnetizing current is necessary in the armature and
the generator operates at unity power factor (Q = 0).
•If the field current is not enough to generate the necessary
mmf, then the armature needs to provide the additional mmf
through a magnetizing current. Hence, it operates at an inductive
power factor and it is said to be underexcited.
•If the field current is more than enough to generate the
necessary mmf, then the armature needs to provide an opposing
mmf through a magnetizing current of opposing phase. Hence, it
operates at a capacitive power factor and it is said to be
overexcited.
34 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012
 Synchronous generators control
• Relationship between reactive power and field excitation
http://baldevchaudhary.blogspot.co
m/2009/11/what-are-v-and-
inverted-v-curves.html

• The frequency depends on the rotor’s

speed. So frequency is controlled
through the mechanical power.
• Pmec is increased to increase f
• Pmec is decreased to decrease f

Field
Excitation Q

35 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012

 Voltage and frequency control
• The simplified equivalent circuit for a generator and its output equation
is:
Q, pE
LOAD

• Assumption: during short circuits or load changes E is

constant
• V is the output (terminal) voltage

E.V E.V
pe  sin  
X X

Electric power provided to the load

XQ
E V 
E
36 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012
 Voltage and frequency control
• It can be found that
d
 (t)  syn
dt
• Generator’s angular frequency • (Micro) Grid’s angular frequency

•Ideally, the electrical power equals the mechanical input power.

The generator’s frequency depends dynamically on δ which, in
turn, depends on the electrical power (=input mechanical power).
So by changing the mechanical power, we can dynamically change
the frequency.

•Likewise, the reactive power controls the output voltage of the

generator. When the reactive power increases the output voltage
decreases.

37 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012

 Voltage and frequency control
• Droop control
•It is an autonomous approach for controlling frequency and voltage
amplitude of the generator and, eventually, the microgrid.
• It takes advantage that real power controls frequency and that
reactive power controls voltage

f  f 0  k P (P  P0 ) V V0  kQ (Q Q0 )

f V

f0 V0

P Q
P0 Q0

38 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012

 Voltage and frequency control
• Droop control
•Then a simple (e.g. PI) controller can be implemented. It considers
a reference voltage and a reference frequency:
•If the output voltage is different, the field excitation is changed
(and, thus, changes Q and then V).
•If the frequency is different, the prime mover torque is
changed (and thus, changes P and then f).
f  f 0  k P (P  P0 ) V V0  kQ (Q Q0 )
f V

f0 V0

P Q
P0 Q0
39 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012
 Voltage and frequency control
• Operator of a generator connected to a large grid
•When connected to the grid, the voltage amplitude and frequency
is set by the grid.
•In order to synchronize the oncoming generator, its frequency
needs to be slightly higher than that of the grid, but all other
variables need to be the same.

f V
fgen VG
fG

P Q

40 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012

 Voltage and frequency control
• Operator of a generator connected to a large grid
•After the generator is paralleled to the grid then its output
frequency and voltage will remain fixed and equal to the grid’s
frequency and voltage, respectively.
•Output power is controlled by attempting a change in frequency by
controlling the prime mover’s torque. By “commanding” a decrease
in frequency, the output power will increase.
• A similar approach is followed with reactive power control, by
controlling field excitation in an attempt to change output voltage.
Higher commanded f Higher power output
frequencies

Operating frequency
No load droop line

P1 P2 P
41 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012
 A brief summary
• In ac systems, large machine inertia helps to maintain
stability.
• Since frequency needs to be regulated at a precise value,
imbalances between electric and mechanical power may
make the frequency to change. In order to avoid this issue,
mechanical power applied to the generator rotor must follow
load changes. If the mechanical power cannot follow the
load alone (e.g. due to machine’s inertia), energy storage
must be used to compensate for the difference. This is a
situation often found in microgrids.
• Reactive power is used to regulate voltage.
• Droop control is an effective autonomous controller.

42 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012

 EXCITER CONTROL

43 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2012

 Exciter: provides dc power to the generator field winding
 Regulator: processes and amplifies input control signals to a level and
form appropriate for control of the exciter
 Terminal voltage transducer and load compensator: senses generator
terminal voltage, rectifies and filters it to dc quantity and compares with
a reference;
 Power system stabilizer: provides additional input signal to the
regulator to damp power system oscillations
 Limiters and protective circuits: ensure that the capability limits of
exciter and generator are not exceeded
Types of Excitation Systems

Classified into three broad categories

based on the excitation power source:
• DC excitation systems
• AC excitation systems
• Static excitation system
DC Excitation Systems:
AC Excitation System :
Field controlled rectifier excitation system
Alternator supplied controlled-rectifier
excitation system
Brushless excitation system
Static Excitation Systems
Potential-source controlled-rectifier excitation system
Synchronous vs. Induction Motors

Induction motors have excellent properties for

higher speeds. But at lower speeds they become
heavy, costly and have relatively low power
factors and efficiencies.

Synchronous motors are particularly attractive

for lowspeed drives since the power factor can
be adjusted to 1 and the efficiency is high.
Although more complex to build, their weight and
cost are often less than those of induction
motors of equal power and speed
Synchronous generator whose field current is supplied by a three-
phase ac power source connected to a thyristor three-phase bridge
Simplified equivalent diagram of an auto-excited
brushless synchronous generator.
Prinsip kerja pengatur tegangan otomatis sistem
elektromagnet/mekanis
TERIMA KASIH ATAS PERHATIAN