Dynamics 70 M8 AdvModal

Module 8
Modal Analysis
Advanced Topics
Module 8
Modal Analysis - Advanced Topics Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
A. Learn how to do a prestressed modal analysis
B. Learn how to take advantage of cyclic symmetry in a modal
analysis
C. Learn how to perform a modal analysis following a large
deflection static analysis
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A. Prestressed Modal Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
What is prestressed modal analysis and why?
• Modal analysis of a prestressed structure.
• Some structures show different dynamic behavior depending on
their stress state.
– A guitar string or a drum head, for example, will vibrate at higher
frequencies as its tension is increased.
– When a turbine blade spins, its natural frequencies tend to be higher
because of the prestress caused by centrifugal forces.
• To properly design such structures, both stress-free and
prestressed modal analyses may be required.
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Prestressed Modal Analysis
Procedure Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Three main steps:
• Build the model
• Prestress the model with a static analysis
• Do the modal analysis with prestress
Build the Model:
• Same considerations as a normal modal analysis.
• Remember to specify density with proper units.
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… Procedure Training Manual
 Build the model
DYNAMICS 7.0
Solution > Unabridged Menu
Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options
• Priestess the model with a static

analysis
– Choose analysis type & options:
Be sure to activate prestress
effects.
– Loading: Apply the loads
causing the prestress.
– Postprocessing: Review the
results to make sure that the
proper loads have been applied.
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Element Plot - Static Analysis Stress Plot - Static Analysis
of Prestressed Modal of Prestressed Modal
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 Build the model
 Pre-stress the model with a static
analysis
• Do the modal analysis with

prestress
– Same procedure as a normal
modal analysis except that
prestress effects must be
included when specifying
analysis options.
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Compare:
Prestressed plate Without prestress
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 Build the model
 Prestress the model with a static analysis
 Do the modal analysis with Pre-stress
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B. Workshop Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
• In this workshop, you will Pre-stress the disc shown below and then
determine its natural frequencies. If time permits, determine the
natural frequencies and mode shapes of the disc without any Pre-
stress and compare the results.
• See your Dynamics Workshop supplement for details
(Pre-stressed Modal Analysis Workshop - Pre-Stressed Disc, Page W-
61.).
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C. Modal Cyclic Symmetry Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
What is modal cyclic symmetry?
• A modal analysis that takes advantage of cyclic symmetry.
• You can model only one sector, then view mode shapes of the
entire structure!
– Saves modeling time - no need to model all 360 degrees.
– Saves computer time and disk space - fewer elements and DOF.
Applications
• Any structure that is cyclically symmetric: turbines, impellers,
rotors, fans, etc.
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry Procedure Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Six main steps:
• Model the basic sector
• Identify cyclic symmetry planes
– Automatic via CYCLIC command
– Manually by creating node components
• Apply BC’s
• Specify modal analysis type and options
• Specify cyclic solution options via CYCOPT command and solve
using ANSYS SOLVE command
• Review results by expanding to 360 degrees via /CYCEXPAND
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Modal Cyclic Symmetry
Model the Basic Sector Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
• Basic sector
– Must be in a global or user-
defined cylindrical system: X
radial, Y along θ , Z axial.
– Cyclic symmetry planes (or
edges):
• Node patterns can be
“matched” or “unmatched”,
but “matched” may provide
more accurate solution.
• Can be curved.
– The sector angle modeled, θ ,
can be any number as long as
the total number of sectors
(360/θ ) is an integer.
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Identify Cyclic Symmetry Planes Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
 Model the basic sector
Identify cyclic symmetry planes:

• Automatic Procedure:
– Issue the CYCLIC command to detect:
• the number of sectors
• the sector angle
• cyclic coordinate system
• cyclic boundaries
• Manual Procedure:
– Select nodes along the lowest θ angle.
– Create a component of nodes: Utility Menu >
Select > Comp/Assembly > Create Component…
– Select nodes along the highest θ angle. Components: DISC_M01L
– Create a component of nodes: Utility Menu > DISC_M01H
Select > Comp/Assembly > Create Component…
– Issue CYCLIC command specifying all fields
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Apply BC’s Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
 Identify cyclic symmetry planes
• Apply BC’s:
– Mainly displacement constraints.
– Apply on nodes only, not on solid
model entities (since the second
sector contains only nodes and
elements).
– Select nodes by location, not by
numbers.
– No need to specify symmetry BC
(unless you are doing a static
analysis for prestress).
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Specify Analysis Type & Options Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
 Apply BC’s
• Specify analysis type Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type >
– Analysis Type – Modal New Analysis
– Options:
• Block Lanczos method is
recommended.
• Number of modes extracted
(NMODE) is per nodal
diameter (explained later).
• Expand as many modes as
the number extracted.
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Solve using ANSYS SOLVE command Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
 Apply BC’s
 Specify analysis type & options
• Specify cyclic options and solve using ANSYS SOLVE command:

– Issue CYCOPT,hindex,… command to specify which harmonic indices
to solve for. The default is to solve all applicable harmonic indices.
– Menu path is:
Solution > Solve > Current LS
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… Solve Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Nodal diameter
• A diametric line of zero displacement during vibration for a
circular membrane (like a COSINE wave).
• Provides relationship to compute mode shape of entire model
from the basic sector results.
• One nodal diameter typically causes one “wave” around the
circumference , two nodal diameters cause two waves, and so on.
• Each nodal diameter has multiple modes of vibration.
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One nodal diameter
• Notice one diametric line of zero displacement in the
UZ contour plot below. An end view of the mode
shape is shown on the right.
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Two nodal diameters
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Three nodal diameters
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Four nodal diameters
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Zero nodal diameters (axisymmetric mode)
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Why is the harmonic index range important?
• For each harmonic index ANSYS will extract a specified number of
modes.
• The user controls the range of harmonic indices for each of which
modes are extracted.
• Minimum harmonic index number is 0 ( “breathing mode”).
• Maximum harmonic index value is (NSECTOR/2) for even number
of sectors or ( NSECTOR-1)/2 for odd number number of sectors.
• Usually, the first few modes are extracted for the whole range of
harmonic indices to cover all the low frequency modes.
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• The relationship between the harmonic index k and nodal
diameter d for a model consisting of N sectors is:
d = m⋅ N ± k
where m = 0,1, 2, 3,..., ∞
The following table shows how the harmonic index, nodal diameter
and number of sectors relate to one another:
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Review Results over 360º Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
 Apply BC’s
 Specify analysis type & options
 Specify cyclic options and solve using ANSYS SOLVE command
• Review results over 360º

– Use the General Postprocessor (POST1).
– Four main steps:
• List frequencies.
• Issue /CYCEXPAND,,ON command
• Read in results for the desired mode.
• Plot and animate the mode shape.
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… Review Results Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
List frequencies:
• General Postproc > Read Results > By Pick
• Each harmonic index is stored as a separate load step.
Harmonic index 0, modes 1-5
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• Type the command /CYCEXPAND,,ON. ( General Postproc > Cyclic Analysis > Cyc Expansion )
• All displays will now be graphically expanded to a full 360º image.
Read in results for the desired mode, using the SET command or “By Load Step…”
Harmonic index.
LSTEP=1 means
harmonic index 0
in this case.
Mode number
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Animate the mode shape
• PlotCtrls > Animate > Mode Shape...
Harmonic Index 0
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Harmonic Index 1
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Harmonic Index 2
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Harmonic Index 3
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Harmonic Index 4
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Compare cyclic symmetry and
full solutions:
– Frequencies match well.
36° Symmetry Model Full 360° Model
– Notice that the lower modes
are the first few modes for
each harmonic index.
– 538 elements and 1790 active
DOF vs. 2690 elements and
17900 active DOF.
– The symmetry model requires
less than half the CP time for
solution.
– Results file size: 1.34 MB vs.
4.16 MB.
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D. Workshop Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
• In this workshop, you will model one
tooth of the spiral bevel gear shown
to determine its natural frequencies.
• See your Dynamics Workshop
supplement for details.
Modal Cyclic Symmetry Workshop - Spiral Bevel Gear, Page W-67.
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E. Large Deflection Modal Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
What is large deflection modal analysis?
• Modal analysis of a structure that has undergone significant
geometry change due to loads.
• Some applications include
– When pressure or spin load is applied to a relatively thin turbine blade,
it tends to untwist the airfoil affecting natural frequency.
– Undersea pipeline installations where contact with seabed causes
change in frequencies.
– Membranes under pressure load.
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… Large Deflection Modal Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
What is the difference between large deflection modal analysis and
prestressed modal analysis?
• Prestressed modal assumes that stresses will affect the natural
frequencies but deflections are small; that is the geometry has not
changed.
• Large deflection modal assumes that the geometry is changing
significantly due to deformation and that this updated geometry
(in addition to the stress) will change the natural frequencies and
mode shapes.
Contact and large deflection

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Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Procedure Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Five main steps:
• Build the model
• Run static analysis with large deflection effects turned on
• Update geometry to the deformed geometry
• Perform modal analysis using partial solve procedures
• Review results
Build the Model:
• Same considerations as a normal modal analysis.
• Remember to specify density with proper units.
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Run Static Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
 Build the model Solution > Unabridged Menu
Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options
Run Static analysis

• Choose analysis type &
options: Be sure to activate
both prestress and large
deflection effects.
• Loading: Apply the static
loads. Follow guidelines
from Chapter 8 , Structural
Analysis Guide
• Solve
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Update Geometry to deformed shape Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
 Build the model
 Run static analysis with large deflection effects
Update geometry
• Add displacements from static analysis to the original
geometry.
• This creates the new geometry on which modal analysis
will be carried out.
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Perform modal analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
 Build the model
 Run static analysis with large deflection effects
 Update geometry to the deformed geometry
• Perform modal analysis using partial solve procedures

Step 1. Analysis type and options
Step 2. Triangularize the matrix ( PSOLVE,TRIANG)
Step 3. Compute eigenvalues ( PSOLVE,EIGLANB)
Step 4. Expand mode shapes ( PSOLVE,EIGEXP)
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… Perform Modal Analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Step 1. Analysis type and options
– Set analysis type to Modal
– Select mode extraction method ( Block Lanczos
recommended)
– Select the number of modes to extract
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Step 2. Triangularize the matrix (PSOLVE,TRIANG)
Solution > Solve > Partial Solu
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Step 3. Compute eigenvalues (PSOLVE,EIGLANB)
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Step 4. Expand mode shapes
• This is done as a separate pass (issue FINISH and
get back into Solution)
• Turn expansion key ON
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… Perform modal analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Step 4. Expand mode shapes (…continued)
• Select how many modes to expand
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… Perform modal analysis Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Step 4. Expand mode shapes (…continued)
• Perform partial solution to expand modes
At this point the user will have a standard modal analysis results file.
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Review results Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
Mode 2, Frequency = 151.584 Hz
Mode 6 , Frequency=881.08 Hz
Mode 4, Frequency= 585.631 Hz
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… Review results Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0
• Large deflection modal analysis
– The mode shapes are based on deformed geometry.
– You should remember that nonlinearities are ignored and contact
elements retain their initial status at the start of the modal analysis.
– For instance , only modes where the beams are in contact with each
other will be extracted in the example used in this chapter.
– With contact elements sliding motion may be allowed depending on
the value of coefficient of friction used.
– Use “Rough Contact” (keyopt(12)=1) to prevent sliding motion.
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Dynamics 70 M8 AdvModal

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Module 8

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 Build the model

• Priestess the model with a static

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• Do the modal analysis with

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Prestressed plate Without prestress

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Identify cyclic symmetry planes:

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• Specify cyclic options and solve using ANSYS SOLVE command:

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 Model the basic sector

• Review results over 360º

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Harmonic index 0, modes 1-5

Harmonic index 1, modes 1-5

Harmonic index 2, modes 1-5

Harmonic index 3, modes 1-5

Harmonic index 4, modes 1-5

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Contact and large deflection

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Run Static analysis

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• Perform modal analysis using partial solve procedures

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Solution > Solve > Partial Solu

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Mode 4, Frequency= 585.631 Hz

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