HEAT TRANSFER

BY
CONDUCTION

Presenting By
A. SHYAM SUNDAR RAO
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
REG. NO. -1601109043
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Heat Transfer
2. Heat Transfer Mechanism
3. Conduction and it’s mechanism
4. Fourier’s Law for Conduction
5. Thermal Conductivity
6. Thermal Diffusivity
7. Steady state and Unsteady state Heat
Conduction
8. References
INTRODUCTION TO HEAT TRANSFER
Heat transfer is the science that deals with the study of
transmission of energy from higher region to lower region
as a result of temperature gradient.
 Transport takes place due to the presence of temperature
difference.
 The driving force is the temperature difference.

APPLICATIONS
• Cooling of electronic equipment

• Automobiles or aircraft design

• Nature(weather, climate etc.)

HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM

HEAT
TRANSFER

CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION

 CONDUCTION
Conduction is the transfer of heat from one
part of substance another part of the same
substance or from one substance to another
in physical contact without any macroscopic
motion in the medium.
 Heat conduction is also called diffusion of
heat.
 Heat energy is transferred from one
molecule to adjacent one through molecular
vibrations in solid, by drift of free electrons
in metals and by collision in gas without
the change of original position of molecules.
 HEAT CONDUCTION MECHANISM
The mechanism of heat conduction in a medium
depends upon the state of the medium whether it is
solid, liquid or gas.
IN SOLIDS
Conduction takes place by lattice vibrations in the
presence of a temperature gradient. Heat energy is
transferred from one molecule to a neighbouring
molecule through molecular vibrations.
IN METALS
Conduction of heat occurs through the drift of free
electrons.
IN GASES
The mechanism of heat conduction is by kinetic
energy of molecule which is a function of
temperature.
IN LIQUIDS
The mechanism of heat conduction is nearly to that of
gases. However the molecules are closely spaced
and intermolecular forces came into play.
 FOURIER’S LAW OF CONDUCTION
The rate of flow of heat through a simple homogeneous solid is directly
proportional to the area of the section at right angles to the direction of
heat flow and to change of temperature with respect to the length of the
path of the heat flow.
Mathematically, dT
q   KA
dx
● Heat flows in the direction decreasing temperature. So to make the
heat flow positive direction negative sign will be put.
FEATURES OF FOURIER’S LAW
 It applicable to all matter.
 It is based on experimental evidence.
 It helps to define thermal conductivity of medium through which heat
is conducted.
ASSUMPTIONS FOR FOURIER’S LAW OF
HEAT CONDUCTION

I. Conduction of heat takes place under steady

state condition.
II. The heat flow is unidirectional.
III. The temperature gradient is constant and
temperature profile is linear.
IV. There is no internal heat generation.
V. The material is homogeneous and isotropic.
 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Thermal conductivity is the amount of energy conducted through a body of
unit area and unit thickness in unit time when the difference in
temperature between the faces causing heat flow is unit temperature
difference.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DEPENDS ON
▪ Material structure
▪ Moisture content
▪ Density of material
▪ Pressure and Temperature
The thermal conductivities of some
materials at room temperature
The range of thermal conductivity of various
materials at room temperature
The variation of the thermal conductivity of various
solids, liquids and gases with temperature
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY
A measure of a material’s ability to respond to changes
in its thermal environment. Thermal diffusivity of a
material is the ratio heat conducted through the
material to the heat stored per unit volume.
k Heat conducted
 
C p Heat stored (m2/s)

▪ If the material has a larger thermal diffusivity then

then propagation of heat into material is faster.
▪ Small value of thermal diffusivity means that heat is
mostly absorbed by the material and a small amount of
heat will be conducted further.
The thermal diffusivities of some materials at
room temperature
STEADY STATE AND UNSTEADY STEADY
HEAT CONDUCTION
Suppose there are two bodies A and B.
A is hotter than B.

Steady state heat conduction: During the heat conduction

process, the temperature of A does not change with respect to
time.
Unsteady state heat conduction: During the heat conduction
process, the temperature of A changes(rather decreases) with
respect to time.
 II. Unsteady-state conduction
T is a function of both location and
time: T=f(x,t)

III. Steady state conduction

T is only function of location,
constant temperature distribution

FIGURE
Temperature distributions, unsteady state
heating of furnace wall: I, at instant
exposure of wall to high temperature: II,
during heating at time t:III, at steady
state.
REFERENCES
1. Heat transfer: A practical Approach, 2nd ed. By Y A
Cengel, McGraw-Hill.
2. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th ed. By W L
McCabe, J C Smith, and P Harriott, McGraw-Hill.