HELLO

Determine whether Inquiry or Research is

applicable to the given situations.

1. A person wants to know the occupant of one

condominium.
2. A student wants to know the medicinal effects of
guava leaves.
3. Mr. Cruz wants to know the technique to make his
electric fan function instantly.
4. Professor Gomez wants to discover the impact of social
networking on his students’ learning abilities.
5. Aling Rosa wants to know the reason behind the
decrease of her sales for the day.
6. A business executive wants to find out which of these
two marketing strategies, free tasting and attractive
packaging, could increase daily sales.
Which between these two sets of statements is
easier or quicker to understand?

SET A: Ninety-five (95%) of the examinees passed the

licensure exams. Twenty pages of the book contain
grammatically incorrect sentences.

SET B: A big number of examinees passed the

licensure exams. Several pages of the book contain
grammatically incorrect sentences.
What is QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?

-Explaining phenomena
by collecting numerical
data that are analysed
using mathematically
based methods. (Aliaga
and Gunderson, 2000)
 Expressing meaning through numerals or a
set of symbols indicates specificity,
particularity, or exactness of something.

Makes you focus your mind on specific

things by means of statistics that involve
collection and study of numerical data.

Seeks to find answers to questions starting

with how many, how much, to what extent,
and the like.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

1. One tend to exclude his/her own thoughts and

feelings about the subject or object.
2. It’s reliable and objective. (OBJECTIVE
RESEARCH)
3. Analogous to scientific or experimental thinking.
4. Uses statistics to generalize a finding.
5. It tests theories or hypotheses.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
(GROUP ACTIVITY)
 ADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

1. It allows the researcher to measure and analyze the data to

arrive at an objective answer to the problem posed or stated.
2. The result is reliable since the study uses a big sample of
the population.
3. Standards are usually used in choosing the instruments, in
sampling procedures, and in choosing the most statistical
treatment, thus making the research replicable.
4. Personal biases can be avoided since personal interaction is
not part of the research process.
5. Processes involved are simplified since the steps in doing
quantitative research are made easy and systematic.
6. Results can be deduced through statistical treatments and
interpreted in a few statements.
 DISADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. The context of the study or the experiment is ignored in such
a way that it does not consider the natural setting where the
study is conducted.
2. Having a large study sample requires researchers to spend
more resources.
3. Results are limited since they are usually based on the
analysis of numbers and are not obtained from detailed
narratives.
4. It provides less elaborate accounts of human perceptions.
5. In experimental research, the level of control might not be
normally placed in the real world because it is usually done
in a laboratory.
6. Preset or fixed alternative answers may not necessarily
reflect the true answers of the participants.
7. Findings can be influenced by the researcher’s perspective.
 Give the importance of Quantitative Research in
Different Fields:

Group 1: Education
Group 2: Business
Group 3: Medical and Health Allied Services
Group 4: Science and Technology
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

A.EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
B.NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
A. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH- treats or deals with
the object or subject of the research in a definite or
exact manner.
- Determines the extent of the effects of influence of the
treatment of the object/subject, then discusses the
causes of such effects.
- Utilizes the principle of research known as the
“Method of Difference”.

*Method of Difference- the effect of a single

variable applied to the situation can be
assessed and the difference can be
determined (Mill, as cited by Sevilla, 2003)
 TWO (2) GROUPS:
A.Experimental Group- the one on which the
treatment or influence is applied
B.Control Group- does not receive any treatment
CLASSIFICATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

CLASS 1

CLASS 2

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL QUASI EXPERIMENTAL

RESEARCH RESEARCH
QUASI EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH FAILS TO
QUALIFY AS A GENUINE EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
*PRE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH/DESIGN- considered very
WEAK because the researcher has little control over the
research.
 Types of TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH/DESIGN

1. Pretest-Posttest Controlled Group Design

a. Subjects are randomly assigned to groups
b. A pretest is given to both groups
c. The experimental group receives the treatment
while the control group does not.
d. A posttest is given to both groups
Procedure: R- random selection
R 01 X 02 (Experimental Group) 01- pretest
02 posttest
R 01 02 (Control group) X- intervention (or treatment)
2. Posttest only controlled group design

a. Subjects are randomly assigned to groups

b. The experimental group receives the treatment
while the control group does not receive the
treatment
c. A posttest is given to both groups.
Procedure:
R X 02 (Experimental group)
R 02 (Control group)
 Solomon four-group design-
3.
considered as the most reliable and
suitable experimental design
1. Subjects are randomly assigned to
one or four groups.
2. Two of the groups (experimental
group 1 and control group 1) are
pretested.
3. The other two groups (experimental
group 2 and control group 2) receive
the routine treatment or no treatment
Procedure:
R 01 X 02 (EXP GROUP 1)
4. A posttest is given Rto01all02four groups.
(CONTROL GROUP 1)
R X 02( EXP GROUP 2)
R 02 (CONTROL GROUP 2)
 Types of QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH/DESIGN
1. Non-equivalent controlled group design- similar to the
pretest-posttest control group design except that there
is no random assignment of subjects to the
experimental and control groups.
Procedure:
01 X 02 (experimental group)
1 02 (control group)
2. Time-Series design- the researcher periodically
Where:
observes or measures the subjects
Procedure: 01, 02, 03 stand for pretest
01, 02, 03 X 04, 05, 06 (multiple observations)
04, 05, 06 stand for posttest
(multiple observations)
 NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH/DESIGN

A way of finding out truths about a subject by describing the

collected data about such subject and determining their
relationships or connections with one another.

Dealing with both qualitative Seeks to discover people’s

and quantitative data thoughts, views, feelings, and
attitudes about a certain
- Uses research methods thatsocietal are issue, object, place,
applicable to both quantitativeorand
event
qualitative data
- Collects data through survey
observation, historical studies, case
studies, documentary analysis, and
 VARIOUS WAYS OF DATA ANALYSIS:

A.Primary- analysis of data collected by the

researcher himself
B.Secondary- examination of data collected by
other people
C.Meta-Analysis- analysis of data expressed
numerically
 NON EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Survey Studies/Research- most used non-
experiment/research in the field of Sociology,
Psychology, and Humanities
- A method of research that aims at knowing what
a big number of people think and feel about
some sociological issues.

DATA GATHERING TECHNIQUES:

A. Interview
B. Questionnaires
C. Online survey
D. Telephone interview
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIABLES

EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES

A.INDEPENDENT VARIABLES- these variables are

usually manipulated in an experiment. Thus, it is
also called manipulated or explanatory variable.
B.DEPENDENT VARIABLES- these variables are
usually affected by the manipulation of the
independent variables. They are also called as
response or predicted variable.
C. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES- these variables are also called mediating or
intervening variables.
- These variables are already existing during the conduct of an experiment
and could influence the result of the study. They are known as covariate
variables.

Examples:

a. Title of Research: An Experiment on the Methods of Teaching and

Language Achievement Among Elementary Pupils

Independent Variable: Method of Teaching

Dependent Variable: Language Achievement
Extraneous Variables: Ventilation Facilities; Physical Ambiance

b. Title of Research: Use of Gardening Tools and Types of Fertilizer: Their

Effects on the Amount of Harvest

Independent Variables: Use of gardening tools, types of fertilizer

Dependent Variables: Amount of Harvest
Extraneous Variables: Humidity Level; Types of Seeds/plants
Activity 1. Read the titles and identify what type of experimental
variable is being referred to.
Research Title Independent Dependent Extraneous
Variable Variable Variable/s
The Effects of Types of
Audio-visual Materials
to the Problem-Solving
Skills in Mathematics

Various Study Habits,

and Their Effects on
the Level of
Performance in
Management Subject
Effects of Types of Soil
and Fertilizer on the
Growth of Papaya Tree
Types of Feeds and
Salinity Level: Their
Effects on the Growth
of Tilapia in Fishponds
 NON- EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES

a. Predictor Variables- these variables changes the other

variable/s in a non-experimental study
b. Criterion Variables- these variables are usually influenced
by the predictor variables.

Examples:
a. Title of Research: Competencies of Teachers and
Students’ Behaviour in Selected Private Schools
Predictor Variable: Competencies of Teachers
Criterion Variable: Students’ Behaviour
b. Title
of Research: Conduct of Guidance Counselling
Programs and Degree of Absenteeism and Drop-Out
Rate Among Grade 8 Classes
Predictor Variable: Conduct of Guidance Counselling
programs
Criterion Variable: Degree of Absenteeism and drop-out
rate

c. Title of Research: The Types of Facilities,

Administrator’s Profile, and Parents’ Support Towards
School Effectiveness Among Public Senior High
Schools
Predictor Variables:
Criterion Variables:
Read the title and identify what type of non-experimental
variable is being referred to.

Research Title Predictor Criterion Variable

Variable
Relationship of Leadership Styles and
Levels of Satisfaction of Customers of
Selected Restaurants
Profile of Parents and Family Bonding:
Their Influence on Study Habits and
Achievement Level
Types of Business and Managerial
Skills Towards Profitability Level of
Canteens
Disciplinary Mechanisms and
Behavioral Changes Among Senior
High School Students
RESEARCH TITLE
1. Summarizes the main idea of the paper
2. Be a concise statement of the main topic
3. Include the major variable/s
4. Show the relationship of the main
variables of the study
5. Mention the participants (in a general
manner) and the setting
IMPORTANT REMINDERS
IN FORMULATING THE
RESEARCH TITLE:
1. Avoid using words that serve no useful
purpose. (e.g. methods, results,
investigations and study)
2. The general problem, (or even the
specific question that the researcher
intends to answer, when rewritten in a
statement form, can serve as the title.
3. The title must have 10-15 words.
 EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH TITLE:

Frequency of Tardiness and Level of Support of Parents

Among High School Students in Selected Public Schools

Homework, Reading Ability, and Exercises in Accounting:

Their Influences on Outcomes in Bookkeeping

Work Values and Job Satisfaction Level of Employees

(Corpuz, 2010)

Effectiveness of Information, Education and Communication

in the Awareness of Breastfeeding Among Nursing Mothers
(Panganiban, 2007)

Level of Difficulty and the Practical Research Outputs Among

Senior High Schools in Selected Private Schools
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
Important Elements:
1. Main Tasks- satisfy the question, “what to do”,
with the major variables such as to associate, to
relate, to assess, to measure, to determine, etc.
2. Main or major variables
3. Participants- subjects or respondents
4. The specific setting
5. Coverage date of the conduct of study
6. For developmental research, the intended outputs
such as an intervention program, module, policies,
among others.
 EXAMPLES OF A GENERAL
PROBLEM:

1. The main problem of this research is to look into the

influence of video games and the utilization of social media
on the language proficiency of the freshman students of
Leyte National High School for the first semester of
academic year 2014-2015. The result of this investigation
will be the basis of the formulation of the guidelines in the
development, organization, and implementation of effective
study habits.
2. The study aims to assess the behavioural traits of senior
high school students and to relate them to the productivity
level in reviewing lessons and passing the long
examinations. This study is to be conducted during the first
semester of SY 2016-2017 in the Division of Palo, Leyte.
3. This investigation aims to assess the level of
performance of technical-vocational instructors and
relate it to the efficiency level of senior high school
management students undergoing on-the-job training
in the selected businesses in Palo, Leyte during the
school year 2014-2015.
4. The general problem of this study is to determine
the relationship of the intrapersonal and interpersonal
competencies of school managers which will become
the basis of a human relation intervention program.
 TYPES OF RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
FACTOR-ISOLATING QUESTIONS
A. What is the level of description of the study habits of senior
high school students in terms of:
1. Review time;
2. Place of review; and
3. Techniques in studying

B. What is the level of school effectiveness in terms of:

1. teacher’s performance;
2. School’s performance
a. drop-out rate
b. completion rate
c. survival rate
FACTOR-RELATING QUESTIONS (What is happening
here?”) Their goal is to determine the relationship among
factors that have been identified. These are usually questions
for a NON-EXPERIMENTAL type of research.

1. How does the study habits influence the

achievement level of the Grade 11 students in their
major subjects?
2. What is the significant association between the
nature and economic status of the family and the
social status of the junior students?
3. What is the relationship of the level of performance
of the college instructors to the OJT performance of
the HRM students of the Tacloban School of
Business?
SITUATION-RELATING QUESTIONS. (What will happen
if..?) these questions usually yield HYPOTHESES TESTING
OR EXPERIMENTAL STUDY designs in which the
researcher manipulates the variables to see what will
happen.

1. What is the most effective food supplements to be given to

increase the productivity of tilapia farming?
2. What are the gaseous composition of gas before and after
using the exhaust pipe filter?
3. What is the difference between the degree of assistance
extended by the male and female high school students in
the foundation day celebration of Dr. Cristobal Academy?
SITUATION-PRODUCING QUESTIONS (How can I make it
happen?). These questions establish explicit goals for
actions, develop plans or prescriptions to achieve goals and
specify the conditions under which these goals will be
accomplished.

1. Based on the findings, what human relation

intervention program can be adopted to enhance
or improve school effectiveness?
2. What policy is to be formulated to manage the
effective involvement of high school students in
social media?
3. What part of the curriculum should be enhanced or
improved to prepare the senior high school
students for the workplace?
INTRODUCTION
This is important in establishing the cognitive
setting of the research. It has the following
elements:
1. Rationalization of the need to research on the
problem
2. Clarification of the important terminologies for
the reader to easily understand what the
research is about.
3. Establishment of the degree of seriousness of
the problem which prompted the researcher to
look for the solutions.
 GUIDE QUESTIONS IN FORMULATING THE
INTRODUCTION

1. What is the rationale of the research problem?

- Sharing the beneficiaries the reason why the researcher has
decided to look for solutions to the problem
- A narration of the researcher’s experience that has driven
him/her to conduct the study
A RATIONALE may include:
a. Narration of personal experiences
b. Description of an article read
c. A scene witnessed
d. A news heard or a theory that needs to be clarified
The proponent should describe the EXISTING and
PREVAILING problem situation based on his/her experience.
2. What is the setting of the research problem?
- In describing the setting, focus on the peculiarity or uniqueness
of the setting to make the reader more interested in reading the
paper.

Example: School (setting)- describe its vision-mission, special

clientele, mode of transportation, etc.,

3. What is the basic literature foundation of the study?

- Defines or clarifies the terms or variables used in the
study.
- DEFINITIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS MUST BE
DERIVED FROM DIFFERENT LITERATURE
SOURCES.
4. How serious is the research problem?
- Provides the intensity and magnitude of the problem
- The researcher may look for statistical and quantitative
evidence to assess the weight of the problem

5.What is the general objective of the research

problem?

6. What is the overall purpose of the research

problem?
- Emphasis on how the research findings will help
his/her classmates or fellow students and the whole
community as well.
GROUP ACTIVITY
(PREDICTION)
THE HYPOTHESIS AND ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY

A HYPOTHESIS is a tentative prediction about the

relationship between two or more variables in a
population under study (Polit, 2007).
a. Translates a research question into a prediction of
expected outcomes.
b. Commonly used in an experiment-type research,
formulated particularly before the conduct of an
experimental-quantitative research.
c. An intelligent guess that occurs with at least 2
variables (independent and dependent variables).
 BASIC KINDS OF HYPOTHESES
a. Null Hypothesis- formulated for the purpose of statistical
analysis. This kind is always expressed as a negative
statement. It is subjected to testing in which the decision is
either to accept or reject it.

Examples:
1. There is no significant relationship between the reasons for
using alternative medicine and the level of comfort of the
patients.
2. The kind of teaching methods used has no effect on the
level of performance of students as shown in their
academic grades and behaviour in class.
3. There is no significant difference between the gaseous
composition concentration before and after using the
luffa sponge as an exhaust pipe filter.
b. Research Hypothesis- states the actual expected
relationships between variables. It is always expected
affirmatively and is called substantive or scientific
hypothesis.
“Alternative Hypothesis”
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Terms defined conceptually- terms defined

using books and dictionaries

Terms defined operationally- terms are based

on how it is used in the study.
Example:

Terms that are defined conceptually and operationally.

Eating disorders. A group of behaviors fueled by unresolved

emotional conflicts, resulting in altered food consumption
(Grodner, 2005). As used in this study, it pertains to the kind of
food, frequency of eating, and amount of intake or
consumption.

Nosocomial infection. It is a hospital-acquired infection

(Smith, 2005). In this study, the infection acquired in the
hospitals are confined in the medical and pediatric wards, and
operating rooms.

Primigravida. A woman in her first pregnancy (Pilliteri, 2004).

Operationally, it pertainsto a mother who has given birth at the
Bataan General Hospital in the first quarter of 2009.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

CONCEPT- generally accepted collection of

characteristics that can be defined by a dictionary.
Examples: age, civil status, degrees, weight, height,
etc.

CONSTRUCT- new characteristic that results from the conduct of

research. (combines two concepts)
“SCOPE”

Examples: level of performance, nature of environment, rate

of recovery, educational attainment, sociological factors
DELIMITATION- boundaries of the study with respect to the major
variables

- Further classified by the sub-variables

- Must also be defined by its INDICATORS
Examples: facial expressions, communication skills, discipline,
body gestures, attitudes towards classmates, etc.

INDICATORS- concepts or ideas the researcher has gathered from

reading various literatures regarding the major variables and sub-
variables
Can be expressed by a phrase or a sentence

In formulating the SCOPE AND DELIMITATION it is

significant that the researcher has already defined the
major variables that are contained in the study
SCOPE- (MAJOR VARIABLES)
Example: Level of Behavior

DELIMITATION- (SUBVARIABLES)
Examples: facial expressions during recitation,
communication skills, body gestures
INDICATORS

For facial expressions: (Note: This can be measured or

quantified using the Likert Scale Scale points and empirical
observations: 4- very visible, 3- visible, 2- invisible, 1- very
invisible

a. The students smile when answering the questions

b. The students manifest confidence in their facial
expressions
c. Mannerisms are noted in the faces of the students
d. Different expressions are noted from the students
e. Students seem to look surprised when asked about some
concepts
THE STANDARD CITATION AND REFERENCING
STYLES
GENERAL WRITING TIPS:
1. Technical language is used if exact wording or definition
of a term is needed.
2. Using the first person should be avoided.
Wrong:
I will show that the literature on treating juvenile
murderers is sparse and suffers from the same problems as
the general literature.
Right:
The literature on treating juvenile murderers is
sparse and suffers from the same problems as the general
literature. Most of the treatment results are based on
clinical case reports.
3. Using colloquial, informal, or slang words, should be
limited to specific cases only. Academically sound language
should be used.
Examples:
“conducted a study” instead of “did a study”
“examined” instead of “looked at”
“utilize” instead of “use”
“great deal” instead of “a lot”
4. It is imperative to develop good citation habits. It is
considered plagiarism to use other writers’ words and ideas
and pass them as one’s own.
 APA REFERENCING GUIDE
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Location: Publisher.
Note: For "Location," you should always list the city and the state using the two
letter postal abbreviation without periods (New York, NY).

Chitty, D. (2003). Do lemmings commit

Book by a single author
Book by two or more authors
suicide? Beautiful hypotheses and ugly facts.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Rosellini, G., & Worden, M. (2004). Of
course you’re angry: A guide to dealing with
the emotions of substance abuse (Rev. ed.).
Center City, MN: Hazelden.

Book by a corporate author Children’s Express. (1999). Voices from

the future: Our children tell us about violence
in America

Book by a single author
Book by two or more authors
Book by a corporate author
Book by an unknown author
Chitty, D. (2003). Do lemmings
commit suicide? Beautiful hypotheses
and ugly facts. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Rosellini, G., & Worden, M. (2004). Of
course you’re angry: A guide to dealing
with the emotions of substance abuse
(Rev. ed.). Center City, MN: Hazelden.
Children’s Express. (1999). Voices
from the future: Our children tell us
about violence in America. New
York:Crown.
The Koran. (1974). New York:
Crescent Books
Comprehensive Quiz
1. Compare and contrast Experimental and Non-Experimental
Research.
2. Could Inquiry and Research go together? Explain your point.
3. What do you think of this line: Inquiry occurs completely
with excessive familiarity with the physical looks of an
object?
4. What are the implications of declaring what is true by means
of a quasi-experimental research?
5. How do you know when one is doing a true experimental
or a quasi-experimental research?
6. Describe someone doing a survey research.
7. Enumerate and explain each the basic parts of Chapter 1
(Experimental Research).