w
 

c %
%
c 
c 

c  
 %
c 
c 
 



c When we are talking about the nglish language,
tense is all about time.

c Ý
 is used to show the relation between the

action or state described by the   and the time,
which is reflected in the form of the verb.
 %


×

a. We deliver the goods now
2. We delivered the goods last month
3. We shall deliver the goods next month
ô w ô  ô
 S


S
  
 

se the resent imple to express the idea that an

action is repeated or usual.
he action can be a
habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or
something that often happens. t can also be
something a person often forgets or usually does not
do.
  go to school everyday (habit);
He usually eats an egg for breakfast
(habbit);
He drinks tea at breakfast
.
hey watch television regularly
j
  
c ometimes
c ften
c veryday
c eldom
c nce a week
c
sually
c %ever
c very Morning
c nce in a while
c lways
Sô  
  ! " 

he resent imple can also indicate the speaker

believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and
will be true in the future. t is not important if the
speaker is correct about the fact. t is also used to
make generalizations about people or things.

~
~ 

 ~~~~  ~ 


~ 
~~~~ 

 3: to give instructions or directions

uou walk 3
 



 you turn
3

You take the %o.6 bus to Watney and then the %o.a to
edford.

Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.

 4: to express fixed arrangements, ½
  or 3
:

ŒYour exam starts at
: .

Œ
he bell rings at 8: .

he bus arrives at 7:

 5: to express future time, after some conjunctions:
after, when, before, as soon as, until:

ΠHe'll give it to you when c
come

come next aturday

Πur holiday starts on the 26th March.

Πhe'll see you before she leaves.

 
c ralimat erbal:
WeYou
hey + nfinitive
Hehet + nfinitive +ses

c ralimat %on erbal

ubject + to be (isamare) + bject
c attern
(+)  + a (ŒsŒss)
e.g. he works every day
 take a bus to go to school
(Œ)  + dodoes + not + a
e.g. he does not work every day
 do not take a bus to go to school
(?) ooes +  + a ?
e.g. oes she work every day?
o  take a bus to go to school?
 ubject + (erb) + (s, es) + bject

Π play tennis.
Πhe does not play tennis.
Œ
he trainleaves every morning at 8 am.
[ Œ
he train does not leave at
am.
Πhe goes to work everyday
Œ
hey always eat lunch together
  !
#
 
   





%ote:
  
: in the third person singular the verb,  c

: s
  s    s
. dd  to verbs ending in:
  
 3  ½   ½ 


     
Æ Õ
  c
 

  
 c
  

3  3   
 
 

§

:
Ú 

   c
   

 

½  ½ s ½
 ½
s
%     forms use  (=the third
%   
person of the auxiliary) + the infinitive of the
auxiliary
verb.
He wants Does he want? He does   want.
wantsDoes
xamples:

a Ý  



 s es

a. e goes to school every morning.

b. She understands nglish.
c. It mixes the sand and the water.
d. e tries very hard.
e. She enjoys playing the piano.
   
  
xample: to think  


j  

 
  
 


 ? o  think .  do not think



 ? o you think . You don't think

   
 [ ? oes he, she, it think . He, she, it doesn't think

 
 ? o we think . We don't think



 ? o you think . You don't think


hey go to school every morning

hey do not go to school every morning

o they go to school every morning
How do they go to schol every morning?
o not they go to school every morning?
Why do not they go to school every morning?

He goes to school every morning

He does not go to school every morning
oes he go to school every morning
How does he go to school every morning?
oes not he go to school every morning?
Why does not he go to school every morning?

He is lazy
udi and ndi are not lazy
s not he lazy?
re they lazy?
Æ




  


ÎÎÎÎÎ 









 
 !"
 #





 
 ô $!%
a.
hey ǥǥǥ[swim] every evening.
2. %ancy ǥǥǥ[fly] to ondon every year.
3.
he sun ǥǥǥǥ[rise] in the east and
ǥǥǥ. [set] in the west.
4.  ǥǥ..[go] to the park on undays.
5.
hey ǥǥǥ[be] good police.
6.
here ǥǥ[be] some water in this jug.


 
 ô $!%
7. My parents alwaysǥǥ[drive] to ekanbaru.
8.
heir father often ǥǥ..[fix] his car.

. Mother ǥǥ.[fry] fish today.
a . ue and  ǥǥ.[do] projects every night.
aa.  ǥǥ.[be] a good student.
a2.
hat baby always ǥ..[cry] at night.
w ô &'S'Sô ô
 Ý  

 
Ý
 
   
 









 
 
 cc  
 Ý 







 

 c

   




 
  

 



Ý c 
c

§



 Ý  

 
Ý  

  

  
   
 









  

  c

 



  
 
  

   



    


~

ubject + to be (isamare) + resent articiple (ngΠorm)

ime Markers :
Π%ow
Πt the moment
Πt present
Œ
his time

hey are studying english now (+)li and ndy are playing badminton now

hey are not studying english now (Œ)li and ndy are not playing badminton now
re they studying english now? (?)re li and ndy playing badminton now?
Where are they studying english now?
re not they studying english now?

%ote: We may note use these verb to indicate present continuous tense:
Œ rnow Œ%eed Œ ike Œ Wish
Œ
nderstand ΠHear Πeem Πound
ΠHave Πove Πmell Πwn
Πelieve Πppear ΠWant
Œ Hate Œ ee Œ
aste

he wrong usage:
X : we are understanding now
X:
hey are having a car now
X:  am liking you now
 


 $
   



c erbs of emotion ; like, dislike, refuse, want

c erbs of senses ; feel, hear, see, smell
c erbs of thought or opinion ; believe, expect, forget,
know, prefer, realize, think
c erbs of posession ; own, belong, owe
($!
w ô  w & ô
 Ý  
 

Ý  
 

  

 



 






   


 
  

  c  

(He began living in ekanbaru two years ago and he still lives there.)
 Ý  
 

Ý  
 
 
  

 
 
  

 
 
 
    

 


 
   

   c  

(pecific dates and times are not mentioned.)

  ~~
~~~~~ 
c to tell what you have done 

c  c
c to tell what you have 
   c done.
c to tell what you have
     done.
c to tell what you have done    
 
.
c to tell what you have done  c   

 c 

3

 
a. ralimat %ominal

ubject + hashave + been + complement

ex; He has been in urabaya before

He has not been in urabaya before
Has he been in urabaya before?

2. ralimat erbal

ubject + hashave + 3 + bject omplement

H#  
  
Positive I, you, we , they, have done
sentence he, she, it, has worked

Negative I, you, we , they, haven·t done

sentence he, she, it, hasn·t worked
Question Have I, you,we, they, done?
Has he, she, it worked?

4a
 )
Πince ..... : since last week, since a
a2
Πor ...........: for three months, for two days
Πlready , ust, not yet, three times, so far
Œ
p to present time
Πecently
  *
(



43
&

#%

c eter ........
  c eter ........ 

watched Ƿi olangdz.
  
 Ƿi
c ) had olangdz.
c ) have
c ) has c Æ 
  
c ) none of these

44
H#

c %one of these
c idka hasnǯt ........to c idka 


Majorka c . to Majorka .
c ) had c 
 
c ) seen
c ) drove
c ) none of these

45
 (
  %

c ....you   smoked? c
 you ever

c ) has   
c ) do
c ) have cG 
c ) none of these

46
&

#+ %

c he hasnǯt ..........the c he 



dinner   c. the dinner already
c ) cooks
c ) cooked c Õ
 
c ) make
c ) none of these

47
&  
 
c %one of these
c He hasnǯt ........ a shower c He 

a
 c shower today.
c ) take
c ) took c    
c ) taked
c ) none of these

48

 ,

c ...........oan ever...........a c
oan ever eaten

shark? a shark?
c ) has . eat
c ) does . eaten
c ) has . eaten c %  ½ 
c ) none of these 


4

&

#%

c ..........you   ......... c
 you ever  

your head ? your head ?
c ) have..........lost
c ) do............lose c w
c ) did...........lose
c ) none of these

5
 &


#+ ,

c
om and rthur c
om and rthur
........................a dog   


 a dog
 so far.
c ) donǯt buy
c ) hasnǯt bought
c ) havenǯt bought
c ) didnǯt buy c  

5a
 h*
he +h
e 

c ................. eter and Mat c Have eter and

............... abroad before? Mat been abroad
before ?
c Has..............been c You are absolutely
c Have............seen right !
c Have............been
c %one of these

52
w ô  w &&'S'Sô ô
  
 

 
Ý
 
   
  

 





 






   




c

 


 



 c
(He is still studying and she is still cooking.)
  
 

 
Ý
  
   
  
 


 

c

    c

 



Ý 
   

 
   

 
c WeYou
hey + Have + een + resent articiple
c Hehet + Has + een + resent articiple

xample:
ΠWe have been learning english for ten years
Œ
he baby has been sleeping for two hours
Œ
hey have been sleeping since eight oǯclock
 )
c ince .....: since  was a child, since five years ago
c or....... : for three years, for the last five years
 

c resent perfect simple.

c resent perfect continuous.
c resent perfect simple and
present perfect continuous.

[
[[

[
[

[
[
[
 
[
a. ince classes began,  (have, not)_____ much free time.  (have)____ several big tests
to study for.
2.
he science of medicine (advance)______ a great deal in the a
th century.
3. We (have)_____ three major snowstorms so far this winter.  wonder how many more
we will have.
4.  (write)______ them three times, but  havenǯt received a reply.
5.
he telephone (ring)_________ four times in the last hours, and each time it has
been for my office mate.
6. : What are you going to order for dinner?
: Well,  (have, never)________ vegeterian pizza, so  think ǯll order that.
7. ill (be)_________ here since 22nd.
8. o far this week,  (have)_________ two tests and a quiz.

. lex is an artist. He (draw)______ many beautiful pictures in his lifetime.
a . atima (see, never)_________ snow in her entire lifetime.

[
[[

[
[

[
[
[ 
[


a. He (work)___________ in this company since a
85.
2.  (wait)_____ for you since two o'clock.
3. Mary (live)_________ in Germany since a

2.
4. Why is he so tired? He (play)_____ tennis for five hours.
5. How long (learn  you)______ nglish?
6. We (look for)_______ the motorway for more than an hour.
7.  (live)____________ without electricity for two weeks.
8.
he film (run  not)_________ for ten minutes yet, but there's a commercial
break already.

. How long (work  she)_________ in the garden?
a . he (not  be)_________ in the garden for more than an hour.


[
[  [
[
[ 
[
[ 
[ 
[   [ [

[ 
[    

a.  (play)_________ football for five years.

2. My team (win  only)_________ two matches so far.
3.
he others (be  always)________ better.
4. re we not there yet? We (walk)________ for hours.
5. ut we (cover  only)__________ an area of five miles so far.
6.  (finishjust)_______ my homework.
7.  (work)________ on this essay since two o'clock.
8. ane (go out)______ with ob for seven years.

. Martin (date)________ three girls this week.
a . How long (wait  you)_________ for us?
ô jô ô
 Ý  
 
    

  
c 



  
 


 

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 Ý  
Ý  
   
 


 
 


  





  



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a 




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c  
u  
$! $
  
 
 + -       +!

. +!
 

   !  %
Ý Ý
       
 
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×or example

ù" 
  my exams.ù

ù  married in !""#.ù
t can be used to describe events that happened
over a period of time in the past but not now.

×
 
½ :

ù   in outh frica 3
  
.ù

he simple past tense is also used to talk about

habitual or repeated actions that took place in the
past.

×
 
½ :
ù $  we always   to the seaside
on bank holidays.ù
-
/j 
ô  
0
elect the best answer.
__ a. My family and  ___ in Mexico last summer.
() were () are ( ) was

__ 2.
he office door ___ closed this morning.
() is () were ( ) was

__ 3.
eresa ___ absent to work yesterday.
() is () was ( ) were

__ 4. We ___ very tired after our long walk in the country.

() are () was ( ) were

__ 5. edro and usan ___ at the cinema last night.

() was () were ( ) are
-
/+
ô  
0
__ 6.
he weather ___ pleasant yesterday. t was raining all day.
() wasnǯt () isnǯt ( ) werenǯt

__ 7. You ___ at the meeting this morning. What happened?

() arenǯt () werenǯt ( ) wasnǯt

__ 8. ndangered animals ___ as important many years ago as

they are today.
() wasnǯt () arenǯt ( ) werenǯt

__
. Œmail communication ___ common ten years ago.

() arenǯt () werenǯt ( ) wasnǯt

__a .  ___ at home this past weekend.  was visiting my family.

() am not () wasnǯt ( ) werenǯt
-
/u
1
 
0
__ aa. ___ renneth sick two days ago?
() s () Were ( ) Was

__ a2. ___ lex and oseph on a basketball team last year?

() Were () re ( ) Was

__ a3. ___ your car at the mechanic last week?

() Was () s ( ) Were

__ a4. ___ the

aíno ndians intelligent and hardworking?
() Was () Were ( ) re

__ a5. ___you born in the
nited tates?

() re () Was ( ) Were
-
/   1
 
0
__ a6. Why ___ the policemen at your house last night?
() was () are ( ) were

__ a7. When ___ your grandfather in the
 rmy?

() were () was ( ) is

__ a8. Where ___ the boys last weekend?

() are () were ( ) was

__ a
. Who ___ Martin uther ring, r.?

() was () is ( ) were

__ 2 . What ___ your favorite game when you were a child?

() is () were ( ) was
-
j
#2
a.  aa.
2. a2. 
3.  a3. 
4. a4. 
5.  a5.
6.  a6.
7.  a7. 
8. a8. 

. a
. 
a .  2 .

3 



he erb
o  is used to express:
c state of being> (  was an excellent student in high school.)
c location > ( We were in osta ica last summer.)
c feelings > (
he child was sad when he lost his toy.)
c descriptions > (
he flowers were fresh and vivid a week ago.)
c health > ( anny was sick with the flu last month.)
c conditions > (
he buildings were modern, now they are old.)
c weather > ( Yesterday was a windy day.)
c time > ( t was 3: M when the party ended.)
c nationality > ( elia ruz was a great uban singer.)
c colors > ( My hair was blonde when  was a child.)
c sizes > (
en years ago,  was size a , now ǯm size a6.)
c dates > ( uerto ico was discovered on %ovember a
,a4
3.)
c moods > ( aura was angry when her friends played a trick on her.)
c prices > ( ands and houses were less expensive ten years ago.)
c etcǥ

3 



he erb
o  has two forms in
the ast
ense:
cwas
cwere

3 

  ($

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[ [[

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More xamples:
a. Mary was nine years old when she moved to the
.
2. We were at the airport yesterday morning.
3. ast summer, red and Gina were in taly.
4.
he concert was cancelled because of bad weather.
5.
he phone was busy when  called you last night.
6.
he children were sick last week.
7.  was very shy when  was a teenager.
8. ecord players were popular thirty years ago.

. My dog was trained to protect the house.
a . Years ago, carbon and wood were used for cooking.
+
ô  

More xamples
a. Mary was not nine years old when she moved to the
,
she was five.
2. We were not at the airport yesterday morning.
3. ast ummer, red and Gina were not in taly.
4.
he concert was not cancelled because of bad weather.
5.
he phone was not in service when  called you last night.
6.
he children were not sick last week.
7.  was not very talkative when  was a teenager.
8.  players were not popular thirty years ago.

. My dog was not trained to save lives.
a . Years ago, stoves were not used for cooking because they
werenǯt invented.

3 &  
 



ontractions:  contraction is the combination

of two words into one. n contractions, letters are
replaced with an apostrophe (ǯ).

3 &  
 


mportant:
You cannot make contractions in
ffirmative entences in the ast
ense,
but you can make contractions in %egative
entences.
 ++

c We cannot make a contraction with the

subject pronoun + was or were.
xamples:
%o ontraction> He was at the Mall yesterday.
%o ontraction>
hey were silent during class.

c We cannot make a contraction with

there + was or there + were.
xamples:
%o ontraction>
here was a fire in the store last month.
%o ontraction>
here were two great movies on
 last night.
 ++

c We can make a contraction with the negative form

of was and were.

xamples:
(a)  was not a hyperactive child. (was not)
 wasnǯt a hyperactive child. (contraction> wasnǯt)

(2) We were not nervous at the job interview. (were not)

We werenǯt nervous at the job interview. (contraction> werenǯt)

3 &  
 +
ô  

Æ ! Æ  

[[

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[ [


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[[

  &

[[

  &


[[


[ &


[


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  &


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  &


3 &  
 +
ô  

a.  was not nervous on the first

day of class.
2. You (usted) were not well
dressed for the job interview
yesterday.
3. anet was not in the same
school as her brother last
year.
a.  wasnǯt nervous on the first
day of class.
2. You werenǯt well dressed
for the job interview yesterday.
3. anet wasnǯt in the same school
as her brother last year.

4. oseph was not ready for his 4. oseph wasnǯt ready for his oral
oral report last
uesday. report last
uesday.

3 &  
 +
ô  

5.
he utomatic
eller Machine 5.
he utomatic
eller Machine
(
M) in the university was (
M) in the university wasnǯt
not in service yesterday in service yesterday afternoon.
afternoon.
6. You werenǯt in the
6. You (ustedes) were not in the library when  went by
library when  went by this this morning.
morning.

7. alph and  were not satisfied 7. alph and  werenǯt satisfied

with the final decision. with the final decision.

8.
he exercises in the last 8.
he exercises in the last
nglish lesson were not nglish lesson werenǯt difficult.
difficult.
 -1
 
/   1
 
0
 

[
  

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[ 
 
 
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0
More xamples:

a. (Q) When was aniel promoted to sales manager?

() He was promoted last month.

2. (Q) Where were you and your friends last aturday?

() We were in ld an uan taking photos for our History
class.

3. (Q) Who were you with at the jazz festival?

()  was with my nephews and nieces.
-1
 
/   1
 
0
4. (Q) How was the nglish exam yesterday?
() t was easy but too long.

5. (Q) Why were the airports in hicago and %ew York closed last
week?
()
hey were closed because of the snow storms and the terrible
weather.

6. (Q) What was the problem with your car?

() t was a problem with the air conditioning system.
  (

 /j 
ô  
0
elect the best answer.

__ a. rancine and acob ___ in taly last hristmas.

() are () were ( ) was

__ 2. My mother ___ a model when she was young.

() were () is ( ) was

__ 3. We ___ very busy at home this past weekend.

() were () was ( ) are

__ 4. ur dog ___ at the veterinarian yesterday afternoon.

() was () is ( ) were

__ 5. Many homes ___ destroyed when the hurricane passed through the city.
() are () was ( ) were
  (

/+
ô  
0
__ 6. ell phones ____ invented when my parents were teenagers.
() arenǯt () werenǯt ( ) wasnǯt

__ 7.
he hotel we stayed in ____ near public transportation.
() isnǯt () wasnǯt ( ) werenǯt

__ 8. Mr. Huertas ____ alone when the accident occurred.

() isnǯt () arenǯt ( ) wasnǯt

__
. Years ago, women ____ permitted to vote until the a
5 s.

() werenǯt () wasnǯt ( ) arenǯt

__a .
he nternet service ____ available last night.
() wasnǯt () isnǯt ( ) arenǯt
  (

/u
1
 
0
__ aa. ____ the certified letter received on time?
() s () Was ( ) Were

__ a2. ____ the toll way costs in uerto ico raised last year?
() Were () re ( ) Was

__ a3. ____ your first grade teacher nice?

() s () Was ( ) Were

__ a4. ____ your old friends in the past class reunion?

() Was () re ( ) Were

__ a5. ____ a college education difficult to obtain fifty years ago?

() Were () s ( ) Was
  (

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today.
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aíno ndians intelligent and hardworking?
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__ a6. Why ___ the policemen at your house last night?
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__ a8. Where ___ the boys last weekend?

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at a a.m. tomorrow
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