Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Wall Systems
Objectives
• Describe different types of masonry wall
systems.
• Explain the use of ties, flashing, weep
holes, lintels, sills, jambs, and expansion
joints in masonry wall systems.
• Explain the effects of moisture
condensation in masonry walls and the
methods used to resist condensation.
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Objectives (Cont.)
• Describe construction procedures for
thin brick veneer, including thin bed set,
thick bed set, and precast panels.
• Explain the design, function, and
construction of arches.
• Describe the joints used for movement in
masonry.
• Understand the function of caps and
copings.
• Install a retaining wall.
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Masonry Walls
• Single-wythe or multiple-wythe
• Reinforced or unreinforced
• Provide excellent structural performance
• Easily maintained and attractive
• Energy efficient due to high thermal mass
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Energy Codes
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Solid Masonry Walls
• Loadbearing or nonloadbearing
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6″ Masonry Walls with SCR brick
• SCR brick
• Nominal thickness of
2 2/3″ produces 16″
in six courses
• Nominal 6″ wide and
12″ long
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Four-Inch RBM Curtain and Panel
Walls
• Exterior nonloadbearing walls
• Curtain walls
– Not wholly supported at each story
• Panel walls
– Supported at each story and self-supporting
between stories
• Both types must be able to resist lateral
forces
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Design of Four-Inch Walls
• Partially reinforced
• Ladder- or truss-type
reinforcement
• Drainage space on
inside of wall
• Expansion joints
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Cavity Walls
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Construction of Cavity Walls
• Exterior wythe
– Usually a nominal 4″ thick
– Solid or hollow brick
• Interior wythe
– 4″, 6″, or 8″ thick
– Brick, structural clay tile, or hollow or solid
concrete masonry units
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Cavity
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Weep Holes
• Required at bottom
of cavity wall
• Mortar opening
creates void for
moisture inside wall
cavity to exit
• Located immediately
above flashing
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Flashing
• Thin, impervious
material
• Usually made of
metal
• Keeps any moisture
that might collect in
cavity away from
inner wall
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Insulation
• Rigid boards
installed horizontally
within air space
against cavity face
of backup wythe
• Granular fill is
usually poured
directly into cavity
from bag or from
hopper
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Flashing
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Weep Holes
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Expansion Joints
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Hollow Masonry Bonded Walls
• Used as foundation
and exterior
loadbearing walls
• Not resistant to high
moisture
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Anchored Veneered Walls
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Anchored Brick Veneer
Construction
• Nominal 3″ or 4″ thick exterior brick wythe is
anchored to backing system with metal ties
• Clear air space between veneer and backing
• Wood frame, steel frame, concrete, or
masonry backing system
• Facing of masonry units or other weather-
resisting, noncombustible materials
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Moisture Resistance
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Brick Veneer Foundations
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Masonry Wall Ties
• Noncorrosive metal
ties
– One tie for every 2 2/3
sq ft of wall area
– Maximum spacing of
24″ O.C. in either
direction
• Nail must be located
within 5/8″ of bend in
tie
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Flashing and Weep Holes
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Lintels
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Expansion Joints
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Composite Walls
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Building an 8″ Composite Wall
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Building an 8″ Composite Wall
(Cont.)
• Wythes can be bonded across collar joint by
parging backside of facing
• Facing header
course is laid
overlapping the
header block
• Header block can be
laid with recessed
notch up or down
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Resisting Moisture Condensation
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Reinforced Masonry Walls
• Steel reinforcement
embedded in
masonry units
• Structurally bonded
by grout core
– Grouting techniques
vary
• Full bed joints are
used
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Reinforcing Masonry Walls
• Maximum spacing of
principal
reinforcement
should not exceed
48″
• Primary use of steel
reinforcement is in
vertical members,
lintels, and bond
beams
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Retaining Walls
• Reinforced masonry
• Two common
designs
– Gravity
– Cantilever
Cantilever-Type
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Grouted Masonry Walls
• Single- or multi-wythe
• Similar to reinforced masonry walls but
without reinforcements
• Grout is added to core in loadbearing
masonry walls to provide added strength
• Other uses include filling bond beams and
collar joint in two-wythe walls
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Thin Brick Veneer
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Thin Brick Veneer Classifications
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Thin Brick Veneer Classifications
(Cont.)
• Thick bed set
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Thin Brick Faced Precast Panels
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Chases and Recesses
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Lintels
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Types of Lintels
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Detailed Brick Masonry Lintel
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Movement at Lintels
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Arches
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Arch Terminology
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Arch Classifications
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Types of Arches
• Compression
stresses are
distributed through
arch
• Weight is diverted to
abutments
• Some may require
steel reinforcements
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Arch Spans
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Arch Depth
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Brick Masonry Arch Construction
• Two methods
– Special shapes and uniform joint thickness
– Units of uniform thickness with varying joint
thickness
• All mortar joints must be completely filled
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Centering for Arches
• Temporary shoring
supports masonry
• Centering is usually
made from wood
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Jack Arch Construction
• Supported by steel if
opening is over 2′
wide
• Steel must be bent
to the camber
• Each joint should be
same width as entire
length of joint
• End joints are
horizontal to radius
of arch
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Segmental Arch Construction
• Number of courses
is determined by
length of extrados
• Size of brick is
determined by
length of intrados
• Rise should be 1/6,
1/8, 1/10, or 1/12 of
span
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Window and Door Details
• Details are
necessary for mason
to plan ahead
• Relationships
between head,
jambs, and sill to
masonry wall
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Joints for Movement in Masonry
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Expansion Joints
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Building Expansion (Isolation)
Joint
• Divides building into separate sections so
stresses developed in one section do not
affect integrity of remainder of structure
• Through-the-building joint allows adjoining
parts of building to move freely from one
another
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Construction (Cold) Joint
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Bond Breaks
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Brick Masonry Soffits
• Enclose a building
• Provide attractive appearance
• Large soffits requires expensive forming
and shoring
• Brick masonry soffit may be more
efficient for small soffit area
• Usually reinforced and grouted
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Stone Quoins
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Garden Walls
• Freestanding structures
– Straight walls
– Pier and panel walls
– Serpentine walls
• Can be perforated
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Straight Walls
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Pier and Panel Walls
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Serpentine Walls
• Serpentine shape
provides lateral
strength so wall can
be built 4″ thick
• Radius of curvature
no more than twice
height above grade
• Depth no less than
1/2 of height
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Caps and Copings
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Corbels
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Racking
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Segmental Retaining Walls (SRW)
and Hardscape
• Constructed of high-
strength concrete
blocks or units made
for dry stacking
• SRW blocks are used
to build retaining
walls
• Hardscape is
intended for
decorative purposes
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Retaining Wall Installation
• Prior to
construction,
prepare a layout
plan that considers
topography, drainage
patterns, soil
conditions, and local
code restrictions
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