CHAPTER 6

Periodic
Table
Historical Development of the
Periodic Table

historical development video

Dmitri Mendeleev – originator of modern
Periodic Table
Particulate Nature of Matter
Recall…
Matter- anything that has mass and occupies space
Particle + particle = matter

Iron (Fe) from iron atom

NaCl from sodium ions

and chloride ion

H2O from water

molecules
 LO: Element, Compound,
Periodic Table
SC: Meaning of element, compound , proton, neutron, electron and Periodic Table
 6.1 Classification of Elements
• An atom cannot be seen with naked eyes
because its size too small.

An atom only
can be seen by
using an
electron
microscope.
 Element
Element is simplest form of substance. It cannot
be divided into simpler form. There is only one
type of atom in an element.
Arrangement of atom in
bracelet
Arrangement of atom in water
Arrangement of atom in hot air
balloon
Atom made up of 3 small particles called
“Subatomic particles"

 Proton
 Neutro Subatomic
n particles
 Electron
 Particle with negative charge

Particle with positive charge

Particle with no charge

Made up of proton and neutron

The nucleus has overall positive charge due to positively-
charged protons in it.

The number of electrons = the number of protons

Thus, an atom is neutral.

Compound
Compounds consists of two or more elements
combined chemically.

Produced from chemical reaction. (Whether in

laboratory/ natural environment)
Compound
For example:
Can separated the compound by chemically, not
physically. For example using electrical energy, called
electrolysis.
 Periodic Table
As of 2016, 118 elements have been discovered.
Each vertical column of elements is called a group.
The vertical columns are known as Group 1 to Group 18.

Each of these horizontal rows of elements is called period.

The horizontal rows are known as Period 1 to Period 7.
 Name of element Named after
Rutherfordium (Rf) Ernest Rutherford, nuclear physicist
Seaborgium (Sg) Glenn Seaborg , chemist
Bohrium (Bh) Niels Bohr, physicist

And many more…

Activity : Colour your Periodic Table based on
colour code

Semi-metal
 LO : Metal and Non-metal
SC: Able to know the properties of metal
and non-metal
 Definition…

Metal : solid material which is

typically hard and strong

Non-metal : element or substance

that is not a metal.
Ductile : a material may be stretched into a wire

Malleability : ability to deform under pressure

(compressive stress). If malleable, a material may be
flattened by hammering or rolling.

Tensile Strength : the resistance of a material to

breaking under tension.
 Metal Non-Metal
Shiny Appearance Dull

Ductile Ductility (Stretch) Brittle

Malleable Malleability Non-malleable

High Tensile Strength Low (easily break)

Good Electrical Conductivity Poor

Good Heat Conductivity Poor

Dense Density Less dense

High Melting and Boiling Point Low

 Examples of Metal
1) Aluminium
- malleable

2) Zinc
- good electric conductor

3) Iron
-malleable
- magnetic substance
 Examples of Non-Metal
1) Sulphur
- Poisonous

2) Chlorine
- bleaching agent

3) Carbon
-smooth
- light
-brittle
 LO : Mixtures
SC: Able to know 7 methods to separate
mixtures
 6.2 Mixtures
A mixture : consists of two or more elements or
compounds mixed physically.

cendol ais batu campur

 Methods to separate mixtures
As the mixture is formed physically, it can be separated
physically.

For example : sandwich Bread

Vegetables

Meat
 Methods to separate mixtures
The method depends on :

a) Physical properties that presents in the mixture

b) Substances to be obtained from the mixture
 7 Separation Methods

Sedimentation
Filtration
Chromatography
Distillation
Floatation

Sieving
Separation by
using magnet
 LO : Separation Methods
SC: Able to know each meaning of 7
separation methods
 a) Filtration
Used to separate an insoluble solid from a
mixture of solid and liquid
 b) Distillation
Used to separate a completely miscible liquid-
liquid mixture that have different boiling points
 c) Separation using magnet
Magnetic attraction can be used to separate two solid mixtures in which
one of the substance is magnetic and the other are not .

Magnetic metals : iron, nickel, cobalt

Non-magnetic metals : gold, aluminium
 d) Sedimentation
Two layers are formed which water is at upper layer and sand
deposited at bottom of beaker.

Sand is not soluble in water. Thus, sedimentation method used to

separated a liquid and insoluble solid mixture.
e) Floatation
Used to separate soluble and insoluble materials in
water. For example, oil will float on surface of water
surface.

A separating funnel can be used to separate oil and

water.
f) Chromatography
Small amount of mixture separated by using chromatography
method.
Usually to check document fraud , identify if there are any harmful
food colourings in foods.
g) Sieving
Used to separate a dry mixture which contains substances of
different sizes by passing through a sieve.
 Activity : Try filtration, floatation and
N 1 sieving method !
STATIO

1. place the filter

ATI ON 2
paper inside filter ST
funnel. 1. Mix 10ml oil and
2. Pour the mixture 10ml water inside
inside filter funnel. separating funnel.
2. Shakes well.
3 3. Filter it!
STATI ON

1. Sieve the stones-

sand mixtures
using sieve.
 Group 1 & 2 – Do Station 1

Group 3 & 4 – Do Station 2

Group 5 & 6 – Do Station 3

1 -Jay 4 -arif
-Huey Ying -athi
2 -Isaac 5 -dhivyaa
-machita - rovin
- hussain
3 -cres 6 -freya
-shameera -kaira
-querisha
LO : Electrolysis, and Compound

SC:
1. Able to know what is electrolysis,
differences between physical change and
chemical change.

2. Able to know differences between compound

and mixtures
 6.3 Compounds
Recall..
Compounds consists of two or more elements combined
chemically.

Produced from chemical reaction. (Whether in laboratory/

natural environment).

There are a lot compounds that we use such as salt,

sugar, chalk, marble, polystyrene and more..
Polystyrene : made up
from Hydrogen and
Carbon

Marble : made up from calcium,

Chalk : made up from calcium carbon and oxygen
carbonate
6.3 Compounds
Metal + Non Metal Product (Metal)(Non-metal)

Metal + Oxygen Metal Oxide

Example :

Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium Oxide

 Brain Teaser

Aluminium + Oxygen Aluminium Oxide

Zinc + Oxygen Zinc Oxide

Iron Oxide
Iron + Oxygen

Copper + Oxygen Copper Oxide

 Metal + Water
Metal + Water Metal Hydroxide + H2

Metals that react with water to form alkali

compounds and release hydrogen gas.

These elements are known as alkali metals.

Brain Teaser

Lithium hydroxide + H2
Lithium + Water

Sodium + Water Sodium hydroxide + H2

Potassium + Water
Potassium hydroxide + H2
Safety precautions in handling Group 1

• Must stored in paraffin oil in bottles

• Do not hold alkali metals with your bare hands
• Use forceps to take alkali metals
• Used only small pieces of alkali metal when
conducting experiments
Why sodium is kept under
paraffin?

It can readily react with air and water. If sodium is kept freely, it
will react vigorously with air or water. To prevent , the metal is
kept under paraffin oil or any other similar oil substances.
 Water is a compound
made up of Hydrogen and Oxygen
atom

O How to 
H determine
H  it?
Chemical formula: H2O
 Method to Separate Compounds
ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER

Compounds cannot be separated physically like mixtures

because the elements in compound are bonded chemically.
Therefore, it can be separated by using electrolysis process.
 Method to Separate Compounds
ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER
is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen
gas (H2) due to an electric current being passed through the water.

O2
H2 Water + dilute sulphuric acid

cathode anode

A
Comparison between physical and chemical change
Differences between mixture and
compounds
The End of Chapter 6