Pipe Stress Analysis

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 1
INTRODUCTION
 The purpose of pipe stress analysis is to ensure the safe
operation of piping systems by verifying their structural
and pressure retaining integrity under the loading
conditions expected to occur during the life time of the
piping in the plant.
 This is accomplished by calculation of stress in the pipe
wall, piping expansion movements, equipments, nozzle
loads and system natural frequencies and comparing
these values to the permissible values. Additionally the
stress analyst is also responsible for determining the
design support loads to ensure that the supports are
adequately designed to take the piping loads.
CONSIDERATION
 The requirements of piping stress analysis are laid out in
the piping code ASME B31.
 For the purpose of stress analysis, piping systems are
typically divided in to two main categories and then
further divided into sub categories.
 Basically they are classified as HOT and COLD systems
 Hot lines are those with a design temperature of 65˚c and
above. The fundamental reason for this division is that
hot lines must potentially undergo a flexibility analysis to
determine thermal forces, stress and displacements.
 The hot and cold systems are further classified as large
bore and small bore diameter lines. Typically size 2” and
less are small bore.
CONSIDERATION
 Apart from the above, lines are considered critical for
stress analysis based on the following.
 Criticality of the service, for eg:- sour service, acids etc,
where any failure will cause serious threats to human
and for assets.
 Lines connected to critical equipment like pumps,
compressors, exchangers etc, where any excessive
loads may cause damage/failure of the equipment.
 Lines having 2-phase flow, possibility of water hammer
etc and lines prove to vibration.

CONSIDERATION
 For any given project, after careful consideration of the
above criteria and classifications the stress Engineer wills
categories the piping system in the project as follows;
 The layout can be accepted without stress analysis
based on past experience
 By analyzing the layout by an approximate method
(manual calculations & thumb ruler) – for non critical
lines
 Lines requiring comprehensive stress analysis using an
accepted computer software. Following are some of
the international acclaimed software used for pipe
stress analysis
1. CASAR-ll 2. AUTOPIPE
3. CAEPIPE 4. TRIFLEX
CONSIDERATION
 Following are the major aspects to be taken care while
designing a piping system .
 The thickness of pipe to with stand internal and external
pressure
 Reinforcement requirement at branch connections
 Adequate support to with stand the self weight of the
piping system
 Flexibility requirement for thermal expansion
 Adequate restraint to with stand dynamic loads and avoid
vibration of the piping system

STRESS CATEGORIES
 There are various failure modes which could affect a
piping system. The piping engineer can provide
protection against some of these failure modes by
performing stress analysis according to the piping
codes.
 Protection against other failure modes is provided by
methods other than stress analysis. For example,
protection against brittle fracture is provided by
material selection.
 The piping codes address the following failure modes:
excessive plastic deformation, plastic instability or
incremental collapse, and high-strain–low-cycle fatigue.

STRESS CATEGORIES
 The major stress categories are primary, secondary, and
peak. The limits of these stresses are related to the
various failure modes as follows:
 The primary stress limits are intended to prevent
plastic deformation and bursting.
 The primary plus secondary stress limits are intended
to prevent excessive plastic deformation leading to
incremental collapse.
 The peak stress limit is intended to prevent fatigue
failure resulting from cyclic loadings.

STRESS CATEGORIES
 The major stress categories are primary, secondary, and
peak. The limits of these stresses are related to the
various failure modes as follows:
 The primary stress limits are intended to prevent
plastic deformation and bursting.
 The primary plus secondary stress limits are intended
to prevent excessive plastic deformation leading to
incremental collapse.
 The peak stress limit is intended to prevent fatigue
failure resulting from cyclic loadings.

BASIC STRESS INTENSITY LIMITS
 The piping is assumed to be elastic and perfectly plastic
with no strain hardening. When this pipe is in tension,
an applied load producing a general primary membrane
stress equal to the yield stress of the material Sy results
in piping failure.
 When a pipe is under a combination of bending and
axial tension, the limit load depends on the ratio
between bending and tension.
 When the average tensile stress Pm is zero, the failure
bending stress is 1.5 Sy. When Pm alone is applied (no
bending stress Pb), failure stress is yield stress Sy.


 It also can be seen in Figure that a design limit of 2⁄₃Sy
for general primary membrane stress Pm and a design
limit of Sy for primary membrane-plus-bending stress
Pm Pb provide adequate safety to prevent yielding
failure.
 For secondary stresses, the allowable stresses are given
in terms of a calculated elastic stress range. This stress
range can be as high as twice the yield stress. The
reason for this high allowable stress is that a repetitively
applied load which initially stresses the pipe into plastic
yielding will, after a few cycles, ‘‘shake it down’’ to
elastic action.
CLASSIFICATION OF LOADS
 Primary loads can be divided into two categories based
on the duration of loading.
 Sustained Loads: These loads are expected to be
present throughout normal plant operation. Typical
sustained loads are pressure and weight loads during
normal operating conditions.
 Occasional Loads: These loads are present at infrequent
intervals during plant operation. Examples of occasional
loads are earthquake, wind, and fluid transients such as
water hammer and relief valve discharge.

CLASSIFICATION OF LOADS
 In addition to primary loads, there are expansion loads.
 Expansion loads are those loads due to displacements
of piping. Examples are thermal expansion, seismic
anchor movements, thermal anchor movements, and
building settlement.

SERVICE LIMITS
 Service levels and their limits are defined for nuclear
power plant safety-related piping by the ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III. They are
described in the following list:
 Level A service limits. The piping components or
supports must satisfy these sets of limits in the
performance of their specified service function.
Examples of level A loadings are operating pressure and
weight loadings.
 Level B service limits. The piping component or support
must withstand these loadings without damage
requiring repair. Examples of level B loadings are fluid
transients such as water hammer and relief valve
discharge, and operating-basis earthquake (OBE)
SERVICE LIMITS
 Level C service limits. The occurrence of stress up to
these limits may necessitate the removal of the piping
component from service for inspection or repair of
damage. An example of level C loading is the
combination of fluid transient loads occurring
simultaneously with the operating-basis earthquake.
 Level D service limits. These sets of limits permit gross
general deformations with some consequent loss of
dimensional stability and damage requiring repair,
which may require removal of the piping component
from service. An example of level D loading is the
loading associated with a loss-of-coolant accident or a
safe-shutdown earthquake (SSE), which is defined as the
maximum possible earthquake postulated to occur at
the site of the plant at any time.
CODE REQUIREMENTS
 There are various ASME and ANSI codes which govern
the stress analysis of different kinds of pressure piping.
These codes contain basic reference data, formulas, and
equations necessary for piping design and stress
analysis.
 Each power plant is committed to a particular edition of
a code for different types of piping. For example, the
nuclear Class 1, 2, and 3 piping of a power plant may be
committed to comply with the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, 1974 edition, while the
nonnuclear piping may be committed to ANSI B31.1
Power Piping Code, 1973 edition.
LONGITUDINAL STRESSES (SL)
 The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure
weight and other sustained loading shall not exceed the
basic allowable stress (SL) at design temperature. The
thickness of pipe used in calculating SL shall be normal
thickness minus mechanical, corrosion and erosion
allowances.
 The loads due to weight should be based on the no
minas thickness of all system components unless
otherwise justified in a more rigorous analysis.
 SL can be computed as follows.
(Pressure stress
ASTS TECHNICAL + weight stress)
DOCUMENT 18
LONGITUDINAL STRESSES (SL)
 P = Internal pressure
 D = outside diameter of pipe
 t = wall thickness of pipe (terminal –mechanical,
corrosion erosion allowances
 i = stress intensification factor
 M = Resultant moment loadings on cross section due to
weight and other sustained loads
 Z =section modulus of pipe
 As per code requirements,

 SL  Sn
 Where Sn is the Basic allowable stress at the design
temperature for the pipe material .which is obtained
from ASME B31.3
OCCASIONAL STRESSES
 Loads due to wind Earthquake etc are considered as
occasional loads ASME B31.3 stipulates that the Sum of
the longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight and
other sustained loadings and stresses produced by
occasional loadings such as wind; earthquake etc must
not exceed 1.33 Sn
 Also, wind and earthquake forces need not be
considered as acting concurrently. Thus it can be seen
that the following measures will take care of sustained
and occasional stresses.

OCCASIONAL STRESSES
 Internal /external pressure ;- Provide adequate pipe
wall thickness and re inforcement at branch
connections as required
 Weight loads;- This consists of weight of pipe ,fittings,
valves, insulations, supports etc. Adequate support to
be provided to with stand the weight of the system
.Recommended basic span for pipe supports to be
followed .In addition to this additional supports to be
provided at change of direction (elbows etc),
concentrated loads like valves etc.
 Occasional loads;- Adequate supports guides etc shall
be provided to withstand loads due to wind,
Earthquake etc.
EXPANSION STRESSES
 A hot piping system will expand erelongate. A cold
piping system will contract or shrink. Both of there
actions create stress problems. The free expansion or
contraction of the piping system will be restricted at the
point of supports, anchors or connected equipment
nozzles. This will cause large forces at the restraint
points and high stresses in the piping system, resulting
in
 Failure of piping or supports from overstress or fatigue
 Leakage at joints
 Detrimental stresses or distortion in piping or in
connected equipment causing failure of the equipment

DISPLACEMENT STRESS RANGE
 The thermal stresses developed in the pipe are in fact
‘Stress Range’ i.e.; the difference between the unit
thermal expansion for the highest operating
temperature and for the lowest operating temperature.
For piping systems that do not experience temperatures
below ambient temperature the stress range is the
difference between the unit expansion for the
maximum temperature and that at the installation
temperature which is normally taken as 21c (70F) for
analysis purposes.

SE = Displacement stress range
SE = Sb²+4St² Sb = Resultant bending stress
Sb = (i;M) ² St = Tensional Stress

Z
St = Mt i = In plane stress intensification
factor (SIF)
2z
As per code requirement the allowable io = out plane SIF
Displacement stress range Mi = In plane bending moment
SA = f(1.25Sc+0.25Sn) Mo = Out plane
bending moment
Z = section Modulus of pipe
Where,
 Sc – Basic allowable stress at ambient temp.
 Sn = Basic allowable stress at Maximum temp
 F = Stress range reduction factor for cyclic condition
for total number of full temperature cycles over the
design file

TABLE FOR STRESS RANGE REDUCTION FACTOR

TABLE FOR STRESS RANGE REDUCTION FACTOR
 When Sn is greater than the calculated value of SL the
difference between them may be added to the term
0.25 Sn in the equation for SA
In this case,
SA = f (1.25 Sc + 0.25 Sn +Sn- SL) = f [1.25 (Sc+Sn) - SL]
 The code requirement is that the computed
displacement stress range (SE ) shall be less than or
equal to allowable stress range SA.

INPLANE & OUTPLANE BENDING MOMENT
 As per codes ASME B31.3 Code defines in plane and out
plane bending movement as shown in figure below.

INPLANE & OUTPLANE BENDING MOMENT
 On application of the in plane bending moment, the
bend or branch remains in the original plane. But When
Out plane bending moment is applied, the bend or
branch connection goes out of original plane. The
torsional moment about the pipe axis is denoted by Mt.

FLEXIBILITY OF PIPING FOR THERMAL
MOVEMENTS
 Suppose we have 2 vessels T1 and T2 say 50ft apart and
we have to run a pipe between 2 nozzles at same
elevation. Obviously the most economical way of doing
is as shown below.
 Suppose the material is carbon steel and the vessels and

the pipe is operating at a temperature of 350˚F
Expansion rate for c.s at 350f = 2.26ind/100ft
MOVEMENTS
 Hence there will be an expansion between centers of
T1 and T2, i.e. Points A and B which will be
2.26 x 50 = 1.13 inches
100
 Because of this expansion, one of the following two
things will happen
 Pipe will dent the vessels at the nozzle location as
shown below

MOVEMENTS
 Pipe will buckle as below:

MOVEMENTS
 It is possible to calculate the stresses in the pipe and the
vessel and even if these stresses are within allowable
limits, still this will not be considered as good
engineering practice. Preferable arrangement for such a
situation is as shown below

MOVEMENTS
 In this case, the pipe segment. As will expand by an
amount of ‘8’ and the shape A B C takes a new shape A
B I C. The expansion ‘8’ is absorbed by the leg B C
 Now le us find the minimum length of B C required
absorbing the expansion ‘8’.
 If we look at leg B C, it can be seen that the end C is
fixed and the end the end. B is forced to move by an
amount ‘8’ due to the expansion. This can be
considered similar to the behavior of guided cantilevers

MOVEMENTS
 For a guided cantilever
δ= wl³ δ = movement (inches)

12 EI W = Force required (lb)
E = Modules of Elasticity)
(lk/in²)
I = Area moment of
inertia about the bending axis
(inch 4) length (inches) If lis in fts,
δ = 144wl³
EI
W= δEI
144l³
MOVEMENTS
Maximum bending moment (M x) = +/- W l ft.lbs
2
M
ax. bending stress f = 2YM, where y = D/2
I
f = 12x DxExIxδxl = DEδ
144l²x2x2xI 48l²
Now, if the stress range is 16000 psi at the
max.temperature and considering E = 27.9x10E psi for
carbon steel,
16000 = 27.9x10⁶xDδ
48l²
l = √ 27.9x10⁶xDxδ = 6.03√(Dxδ)
16000x48
MOVEMENTS
 Considering 6’ pipe, D = 6.625 inches
δ = 1.13 inches
∴ l = 6.03√6.625x1.13 = 16.5ft
So, when locality the equipment T2, the leg Bc shall
be minimum 16.5 ft to absorb the expansion of 1.13
inches

FLEXIBILITY FACTOR
Pipe bend or elbows when subjected to a bending
moment in its own plane, the circular cross section
undergoes changes and is flattened. This results in
increased flexibility as compared to a straight pipe.
The ratio of the length and cross section is known as
flexibility factor k.
The expression for calculation flexibility factor for elbows
is given in ASME B31.3 as follows.
Flexibility characteristics, h= (TR1/r2 2 )
T = nominal thickness of matching pipe
R1 =Radius of bend
r2 = mean radius of matching pipe
flexibility factor k = 1.65
h
STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTOR (SIF)
SIF is defined as the ratio of the maximum stress
intensity to the nominal stress calculated as per
ordinary bending theory (M/Z) . This is used as a safety
factor to account for the effect of localized stresses on
piping under repetitive loading. This factor is applied to
welds, fittings like elbows, branch connections and
other piping components where localized stress
concentrations and possible fatigue failure may
occur.ASME B 31.3 specifies different SIF values for in –
plane and out –plane moments. No SIF is required for
torsion
ii = 0.9
h⅔
io = 0.75
h⅔ Where h is the flexibility
characteristics which
ASTS was
TECHNICAL discussed earlier
DOCUMENT 39
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY & PEAK STRESS
 The failure modes that piping codes addresses are
 Excessive plastic deformation or bursting
 Plastic instability or incremental collapse due to cycling in
the plastic range
 High strain low cycle fatigue
 Each of these failure modes is caused by a different type
of stress and loading.
 Piping codes have broken the types of stress and the
failure modes they guard against, into the following
categories.

 Primary stress – (plastic deformation and bursting ):
 Primary stress is developed by imposed mechanical
loadings (forces) This is not self limiting because local
yielding does not decrease the applied load .The
system never get relieved till the load is removed
 Secondary stresses –(plastic instability leading to
incremental collapse)
 Secondary stresses are developed in a piping system
when the system is restrained against thermal
displacement. Distorationm of the piping system as
well as local yielding tends to relive the developed
stresses, so these stresses are said to be self limiting

 Peak stresses (Fatigue failure collapse resulting from
cyclic loading)
Peak stresses are these which cause virtually no
distortion, and there for high stress levels. Examples are
thermal gradients through a pipe wall, stress
concentration at a discontinuity such as pipe fitting or a
weld. Peak stresses is the highest stress in a local region
and is responsible for causing fatigue failure

COLD SPRING
 Consider the L- shaped piping configuration an chored at
A and B as shown in the figure.
1) Line at neutral position

2) Hot position without cold
spring
3) Hot position with cold spring
4) Gold position with cold
spring

COLD SPRING
The original position is shown as (1) as the long leg gets
heated, it expands and takes the shape shown as(2) let as
assume the amount of expansion is 3 inches In the
original position , if a length of 1.5 (half of the expansion)
is cut from the leg L, the line is pulled and welded back to
position , it will take the shape shown as (4) Now upon
heating , the line moves only 1.5 from the normal
position shown as(3)
This phenomenon of shortening the over all length of the
pipe by a desired amount, as a percentage of the
calculated expansion is known as cold spring

COLD SPRING
 Cold spring is applied to piping systems to following
reasons;
1. To control expansion, so as to avoid fouling with
adjacent piping , structures etc.
2. To control resultant forces and moments on connected
equipment etc.

STEPS TO CARRY OUT STRESS ANALYSIS
To carry out pipe stress Analysis, following information are
required
 Piping configuration (Isometric drawings)
 Design parameters
 Temperature – Design, start up, steam out condition,
upset conditions etc
 Allowable force and movements of connected
equipments
 Pressure
 Pipe size thickness & Material
 Corrosion Allowance
 Inslation (weight)
 Weight dimensions of valves and other specialty items
 Piping layout to have an idea of probable support locations
 Connected equipment nozzle details initial movement etc.
 Skirt movementASTSfor vessels
TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 46
LOAD CASES FOR STRESS ANALYSIS
For a static analysis Various load combination needs to be
considered to ensure that the systems is safe for the
worst load conditions. In general following are the load
cases considered for analysis
 Sustained case- weight of the system Pressure
 Hydrostatic case- Weight of the system with full water at
hydrostatic test pressure
 Expansion case- Thermal displacement
 Operating case- Combination of the sustained and
expansion case.
 Occasional case- Combination of sustained, expansion
and occasional loach such as wind, earthquake etc. Only
one occasional load will be acting at a time.

STRESS ANALYSIS RESULTS AND THEIR
INTERPRETATION
 Any common software used for stress analysis will give
the out puts in the form of reports. It is the stress
engineers job to review and properly interpreted the
results in order to arrive at a conclusion as to whether the
system is safe as it is or what modifications are required
to make the system safe. Following are the reports to be
reviewed.
 Stress Report:- This gives the stresses in the piping system
in each load cases. Acceptability shall be as follows.
 Sustained case:- Max stress < Sn { S n =Basic allowable
stress at max temp}
 Expansion case:- Max stress< S A [ S n =f(1.255c+0.255n)
or f (1.25 (Sc+Sn) –S c) ]
 Occasional case:- Max. Stress < 1.33 Sn.
STRESS ANALYSIS RESULTS AND THEIR
INTERPRETATION
 Displacement Reports:- This gives the displacements
and rotations (6 directions) of each mode of the
system. All the displacements shall be within
acceptable limits.
 Restraont Summary:- This given the forces and
moments acting on the supports connected
equipments etc, which shall be within acceptable
limits.
 Spring support Summary:- The spring supports will be
designed by the soft ware and the spring launch
stiffness etc will be provided in this report. This data
can be used to procure the spring supports.

STRESS ANALYSIS FLOW CHART

THANK YOU

Pipe Stress Analysis

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Pipe Stress Analysis

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 1

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 4

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 6

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 7

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 8

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 9

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 10

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 11

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 13

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 14

 As per code requirements,

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 20

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 22

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 23

Sb = (i;M) ² St = Tensional Stress

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 25

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 26

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 27

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 28

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 29

 Suppose the material is carbon steel and the vessels and

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 31

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 32

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 33

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 34

δ= wl³ δ = movement (inches)

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 37

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 40

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 41

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 42

1) Line at neutral position

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 43

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 44

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 45

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 47

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 49

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 50

ASTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 51

Вам также может понравиться