PGE 317: Map Reading, Remote Sensing and GIS

Part-B: Geographic Information System (GIS)

Lecture-2: Introduction to GIS

 Introduction to GIS

What is GIS ?

An Information System that is used to input, store ,

retrieve, manipulate, analyze and output geographically
referenced data or geospatial data, in order to support
decision making for planning and management of land
use, natural resources, environment, transportation,
urban facilities, and other administrative records
 Key components of GIS
• Key components of GIS
are:
– Computer system, Computer
geospatial data, and System
users
• Sources of geospatial
data are: Geospatial
Users
Data
– Digitized maps, aerial
photographs, satellite
images, statistical tables,
and other related
documents Figure: Key components of GIS
 Classification of Geospatial Data
• Graphical data (called geometric data)
• Attributes (called thematic data)

Real World

Data Model

Spatial Objects

Points Pixels in
Lines Vector Raster Form Raster
Areas

Attributes in Tables

Figure: Concept of Geospatial Data

 Why GIS is needed ?
• Common problems of handing geospatial information:
– Geospatial data are poorly maintained.
– Maps and statistics are out of date.
– Data and information are inaccurate.
– There is no data retrieval service.
– There is no data sharing.

• Benefits once GIS is implemented

– Geospatial data are better maintained in a standard format.
– Revision and updating are easier.
– Geospatial data and information are easier to search, analysis and
represent.
– More value added product.
– Geospatial data can be shared and exchanged freely.
– Productivity of the staff improved and more efficient.
– Time and money are saved.
– Better decision can be made.
 Benefits of GIS implementation
• Geospatial data are • Geospatial data
better maintained in a can be shared and
standard format exchanged freely

• Revision and • Productivity of the

updating are easier staff improved and
more efficient
• Geospatial data and
information are • Time and money
easier to search, are saved
analysis and
represent • Better decision
can be made
• More value added
product
 GIS Versus Manual Works
Maps GIS Manual works
Storage Standardized and Different scales on
integrated different standard
Retrieval Digital Database Paper Maps, Census,
Tables
Updating Search by Manual Check
Computer
Overlay Very Fast Expensive & Time
consuming
Spatial Easy Complicated
Analysis
Display Cheap & Fast Expensive
Comparison of Geospatial
Information Management
 Basic Functions of GIS
Functions Sub-functions
Data Acquisition Digitizing, Editing , Topology Building,
and prepossessing Projection Transformation, Format
Conversion etc.

Database Management Data Archival, Hierarchical Modeling ,

and Retrieval Network Modeling, Relational Modeling,
Attribute Query, Object-oriented Database
etc.
Spatial Measurement and Measurement operations, Buffering,
Analysis Overlay operations, connectivity
Operations etc.
Graphic output and Scale Transformation, Generalization,
Visualization Topological Map, Statistical Map etc.
 Computer System for GIS
• Hardware System
– Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– Memory (RAM) > 64 MB
– I/O Device
• Plotters, printers, mouse, digitizers, scanners, digital camera

• Software System
– Operating System
• DOS, Windows
– Compiler
• C++, Pascal, Fortran, BASIC
– Application Programs
• ARC/INFO, MGE, Geo/SQL, GFIS, IDRISI*, GRASS*
– * public domain software
GIS as Multidisciplinary Science

 Geography  Statistics
 Cartography  Operations
 Remote Sensing Research
 Photogrammetry  Computer Science
 Surveying  Mathematics
 Geodesy  Civil Engineering
 Urban Planning
Relations of Traditional Disciplines
with GIS
 Area of GIS Applications
Area GIS Applications
Facilities Management Locating underground pipes &
cables, planning facility
maintenance, telecommunication
network services
Environmental and Natural Environmental impact analysis,
Resources Management disaster management and
mitigation
Street Network Locating houses and streets, car
navigation, transportation planning
Planning and Engineering Urban planning, regional planning,
development of public facilities
Land Information Taxation, zoning of land use, land
acquisition
GIS Information Infrastructure
Population
Social Land Use
Infrastructure Cadastre etc.
Police and Fire
Cable and Pipe
Transportations

GIS
Urban Environmental
Information
Infrastructure Infrastructure
Infrastructure
Natural Resources
Pollution
Disaster etc.
Economic Educational
Infrastructure Infrastructure
Marketing
Banking Natural Resources
Car Navigations etc. Pollution
Disaster etc.
GIS for decision support
Human Dimensions Physical Dimensions

Driving Forces Human Human Impacts

•Population Activities •Development
•Health & Wealth •Urbanization
•Technology •Industrialization
•Politics •Construction
•Economic •Energy

Public Conciseness Public Awareness

Decision Making Environmental Change

•Land Use Change
•Policy Making
•Change of Life Style
•Planning
•Land Degradation
•Management
•Pollution
•Climate Change

Database
Analysis and Monitoring by
Assessment by GIS Remote Sensing
Thank you