Workstation Design

Workstation Design
LAB # 3
Outline
2
 Introduction.
 Ergonomic Design.
 Modern Work Environment.
 Workstation Design Guidelines.
 Ergonomic Computer Workstation.
 General Tips.
Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

Workstation Design
3
INTRODUCTION

Introduction
4
 Ergonomics is a scientific discipline, which is

concerned with improving the productivity, health,
safety and comfort of people, as well as promoting
effective interaction among people, technology and
the environment.

Introduction (Cont.)
5
Designing for ergonomics requires understanding and

consideration of the following:
 The physical and psychological attributes of the person or
population of people that will perform the job.
 The design and arrangement of the workstation furniture,
computer hardware, and other workstation accessories.
 The tasks required to perform the job.
 The work environment, including such things as noise

and temperature, also management and organizational
methods and constraints.

Workstation Design
6
ERGONOMIC DESIGN

Ergonomic Design
7
 Because people spend up to 90% of their time

indoors, and much of it in their workplaces, the
physical environment in offices should be carefully
designed and managed.
 The physical conditions that operators experience
are important determinants of satisfaction, comfort,
well-being, and effectiveness.

Ergonomic Design (Cont.)
8
Ergonomic furniture should be designed to facilitate

task performance, minimize fatigue and injury by
fitting equipment to the body size, strength and
range of motion of the user.
Office furnishings, which are generally available, have
adjustable components that enable the user to
modify the workstation to accommodate different
physical dimensions and the requirements of the job.
Ergonomically designed furniture can reduce pain
and injury, increase productivity, improve morale,
and decrease complaints.

Ergonomic Design (Cont.)
9
 Ergonomics is used in the design of furniture to

eliminate:
 Static or uncomfortable posture.
 Repetitive motion.
 Poor access or inadequate clearance and excessive reach.
 Display that are difficult to read and understand.
 Controls that are confusing to operate or require too

much force.

Ergonomic Design(Cont.)
10
 Design objectives should support humans to achieve

the operational objectives for which they are
responsible. There are three goals to consider in
human-centered design.
 Enhance human abilities.
 Overcome human limitations.
 Encourage user acceptance.

Ergonomic Design(Cont.)
11
 To achieve the previous objectives, there are several

key elements of ergonomics in the office to consider.
 Equipment: video display terminals
 Software design: system design and screen design for
greater usability
 Workstation design: chairs, work surfaces and accessories
 Environment: space planning, use of colors, lighting,
acoustics, air quality and thermal factors
 Training: preparing workers to deal with technology

Workstation Design
12
MODERN WORK ENVIRONMENT

Modern Work Environment
13
 Changes in modern business practices have

considerably changed the way we work in the office.
 The delivery of low-cost, high-quality, customized
products and services to customers who are
increasingly demanding is critical to organizational
success.
 These changes in business practices are being
reflected in modern office designs.

Modern Work Environment (Cont.)
14
In the Past At Present

 Large areas filled with  Most routine tasks,
rows of clerks and such as text typing and
typists conducting data entry, are now
routine, repetitive integrated into more
tasks. complex, project-based
work.

Office Design
15
Private Office Open-Plan Office

Office Design (Cont.)
16
 You must take into your account how office design

parameters (e.g. workstation size, ceiling type) affect
physical office conditions (e.g. lighting, acoustics,
indoor air quality), and occupant satisfaction.

Office Design: Noise
17
 Absorption properties of the ceiling, the workstation

size, and the partition height have the largest effect
on acoustic conditions since they are compensating
for walls that would normally block sound travel
between neighbors; however, no one element can
control noise, and the most significant
improvements in office acoustics occur when most of
the office elements are well designed.

Practical tips: Noise
18
Do! DO NOT!
 Provide acoustic  Expose occupants to
satisfaction with
comfortable background unacceptable noise
noise and good speech sources, especially
privacy. speech sources.
 Block sound with
 Create small
absorbent surfaces
(especially the ceiling) and workstations with low
high, wide partitions. partitions.
 Provide a sound masking
system.
Office Design: Ventilation
19
 In any office, indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal

conditions are determined by the building’s
ventilation system and by the contents of the office.
 Poor conditions can result if contaminants, air
delivery, and temperature are not properly managed.
 Poor IAQ and thermal comfort are among the most
common problems in offices. Poor conditions can be
uncomfortable and make it harder to concentrate
and work efficiently. They can also lead to symptoms
such as headaches, sleepiness, or eye, nose and
throat pain.

Practical tips: Ventilation
20
DO! DO NOT!
 Provide an adequate supply of  Exceed air supply capacity
outdoor air. of ventilation system.
 Provide some individual  Choose furnishings and
control over temperature, air equipment that emit high
velocity, and/or air direction. levels of contaminants.
 Clean and maintain the
ventilation system and the  Place workers close to
office space. contaminant sources.
 Create a comfortable thermal  Block air diffusers.
environment.  Use very high partitions.
 Insulate windows and provide
perimeter heating/cooling.

Office Design: Lighting and Day-lighting
21
 Light reflected off surfaces and objects reveals the

world to us.
 Good interior lighting reveals what we need to see,
making details visible but also facilitating
communication, setting the mood, and addressing
health and safety. It does so in balance with the
architectural characteristics of the space and
practical considerations such as costs, energy
consumption, installation, and maintenance.

Practical tips: Lighting
22
DO! DO NOT!
 Provide adequate task  Allow walls and ceilings to
illumination. be dark and cave-like.
 Provide access to daylight.  Permit glare problems.
 Provide uniformity on task  Create a colorless, blandly
surfaces. uniform office.
 Create visual interest and a  Use glossy surfaces.
pleasant atmosphere.
 Use fluorescent lamps with
good color rendering.
 Provide some individual
lighting controls.

Office Design: Layout
23
 Offices exist primarily to allow employees to do their

work, and, thereby, support their organization’s
goals. Though work performance is the key function,
a workstation should also provide a supportive
environment for mental and physical well-being.
Employees may spend upwards of 30% of their
working hours per year in their offices, which need to
be comfortable and satisfactory.

Practical tips: Layout
24
DO! DO NOT!
 Furnish cubicles based on worker job  Crowd worker.
needs.  Make shared resources difficult to
 Provide visual and acoustic privacy access or place routes through work
with enclosure (higher number of groups.
partitions, and larger workstations).
 Place workers in busy, noisy areas of
 Provide adjustable furnishings and the office.
environmental controls.
 Prevent personalization of the
 Provide lockable storage for personal
workstation.
items.
 Locate work groups in the same area.
 Provide access to a window and a view.
 Match alternative office strategies to
tasks and employee needs.

Office Characteristics
25
 Partition height: Heights between 1.5 m and 1.8 m are recommended

 Workstation size: Workstation of 6.3 m2 or greater are recommended.
 Orientation: The orientation of workstation openings and of workers.
 Office Layout: Isolate noise sources.
 Office Etiquette: Encourages open-plan office workers to speak more quietly.

Workstation Design
26
WORKSTATION DESIGN GUIDELINES

Workstation Design Guidelines
27
 There are 14 guidelines that must be taken into

considerations by ergonomists when considering the
design of a workstation.

Guideline 1
28
Avoid Static Loads and Fixed Work Postures

 Static load increases systolic and diastolic blood
pressure.
 Metabolic wastes accumulate in the muscles.
 Consider increasing recovery time.

Avoid Static Postures
29
 Employees should be encouraged to wear proper

shoes for work requires lots of standing.
 Workstations should be equipped with mats.
 Have hips parallel to the floor.
 Provide bar rail to vary work posture.

Falls
30
 Slips and falls are a major cause of injury deaths and

have annual direct cost/capita of $50–400.
 Causes of falls:
 Slips: unexpected horizontal foot movement
 Trips: restriction of foot movement
 Stepping-on-air: unexpected vertical foot movement

Solutions for Falls
31
 Prevent the fall:

 Use well-designed ladders, scaffolds, and ramps properly.
 Provide safe steps.
 Use the three-contact rule.
 Provide good friction and reduce lubricants.
 Reduce the consequences of the fall:

 Interrupt the fall.
 Soften the impact.

Head Weight
32
 The head weighs about the same as a bowling ball.

 Keep the line of sight below the horizontal.
 Maintain forward head tilt of 10º-15º
 Avoid backward and sideward tilts.

Hands/Arms
33
 An arm weighs about 4.4 kg.

 Avoid using the hand to hold up a tool or work piece.
 Avoid working with elevated hands.
 Support the arms on the work surface or chair arms.

Guideline 2
34
Reduce Musculoskeletal Disorders

 Don’t bend your wrist.
 Don’t lift your elbow.
 Don’t reach behind your back.
 Follow guidelines for hand and arm motions.

Guideline 3
35
Set the Work Height at 50 mm Below the

Elbow
 Work height is defined in terms of elbow height.
 Optimum height is slightly below the elbow.
 Optimum height from the elbow is the same for
sitting and standing.
 Work height is not table height.

Solutions for Work Height
36
 Change machine height.

 Adjust elbow height.
 Adjust work height on machine.

Video Display Terminal Workstations
37
 Key items: screen, keyboard, document, eyes, hands

 Workstation furniture must be adjustable.
 Locate the primary visual element first: ahead of the
eye, perpendicular to the line of sight.
 Train the operator in adjusting the equipment.
 Provide a wrist rest.

Guideline 4
38
Furnish Every Employee with an Adjustable

Chair
 The cost of an adjustable chair is very low
compared to labor cost.
 Allow users to try chairs in their specific jobs.
 Buy chairs that are easily adjustable.
 Train people in proper adjustment.

Chair Design
39
 Seats
 Seat Height from Floor
 Seat Length
 Seat Width
 Slope of Seat
 Seat Shape
 Backrests
 Position of Backrest
 Molded Chair Back Position & Curvature
 Armrests
 Legs/pedestals
 Clearance of feet and calves under chair

Guideline 6
40
Use Gravity; Don’t Oppose It

 Make movements horizontal or downward; avoid
lifting.
 Consider using the weight of the body to increase
mechanical force.
 Use gravity to move material to the work.
 Use gravity as a fixture.
 Use gravity in feeding and disposal.

Guideline 7
41
Conserve Momentum
 Avoid unnecessary acceleration and deceleration.
 Use circular motion for moving and polishing.
 Eliminate grasping motions by providing edges,
rolled edges, and holes.
 Avoid transporting weight in the hand.

Guideline 8
42
Use 2-Hand Motions Rather Than 1-Hand

Motions
 Cranking with 2 arms is 25% more efficient than
with one.
 Using 2 hands is more productive despite taking
more time and effort.
 Don’t use the hand as a fixture.

Guideline 9
43
Use Parallel Motions for Eye Control of 2-

Hand Motions
 Minimize the degree of spread rather than worry
about symmetry.
 Estimate the cost of eye control with predetermined
time systems.

Parallel vs. Symmetrical motions
44
BC DD
B C C C
A D B B
A D A A
Parallel motions Symmetrical motions
•Shoulder moves •Shoulder steady
•Easy eye travel •Difficult eye control

Guideline 10
45
Use Rowing Motions for 2-Hand Motions

 Alternation causes movement of the shoulder and
twisting of the torso.
 Alternation causes higher heart rates.
 Rowing motions are more efficient and provide
greater power.

Guideline 11
46
Pivot Motions About the Elbow

 Motion time is minimized with motion about the
elbow.
 Cross-body movements are more accurate than those
about the elbow.
 Physiological cost is lower for movements about the
elbow.

Guideline 12
47
Use the Preferred Hand

 The dominant hand is:
 10% faster for reach-type motions
 More accurate than the non-dominant
 More exposed to cumulative trauma
 5% to 10% stronger
 Work should arrive from the operator’s preferred

side and leave from the non-preferred side.

Guideline 13
48
Keep Arm Motions in the Normal Work Area

 Avoid long benches.
 Use swing arms.
 For high use, keep it close.
 Remember the arm pivots on the shoulder, not the
nose.
 The shoulder is very sensitive to small changes in
workplace layout.

Guideline 14
49
Let the Small Person Reach; Let the Large

Person Fit
 Design so most of the user population can use the design.
 Jobs must be designed for both sexes: Small or Large - Weld
 Multi-person use of equipment and stations is becoming more
common.
 The proportion to exclude depends on the seriousness of
designing people out and the cost of including more people.

Workstation Design
50
ERGONOMIC COMPUTER
WORKSTATION

Ergonomic Computer workstation
51
 10 steps for a good ergonomic arrangement

of a Computer Workstation:
1. How will the computer be used?
2. What kind of computer will be used?
3. What furniture will you use?
4. What chair will be used?
5. What kind of work will the computer be used for?
6. What can you see?
7. Posture, posture, posture!
8. Keep it close!
9. Good Workstation Ergonomic Arrangement
10. Where will the computer be used?

Step # 1: How will the computer be used?
52
 Who will be using the computer?

1. One person: then the arrangement can be optimized for that
person's size and shape, and features such as an adjustable height
chair may be unnecessary.
2. Several people: you will need to create an arrangement that most
closely satisfies the needs of the extremes, that is the smallest and
tallest, thinnest and broadest persons, as well as those in between
these extremes.
 How long will people be using the computer?

1. If it's a few minutes a day then ergonomic issues may not be a
high priority.
2. If it's more than 1 hour per day it is advisable that you create an
ergonomic arrangement.
3. If it's more than 4 hours then you should immediately implement an
ergonomic arrangement.

Step # 2: What kind of computer will be used?
53
 Desktops : are the most widely and it means that the

computer screen is separate from the keyboard.
 Laptop computers: are growing in popularity and are great
for short periods of computer work. Guidelines for laptop use
are more difficult because laptop design inherently is
problematic - when the screen is at a comfortable height and
distance the keyboard isn't and vice versa.

Step # 3: What furniture will you use?
54
 Make sure that the computer (monitor, CPU system unit, keyboard,
mouse) are placed on a stable working surface with adequate room
for proper arrangement. If this work surface is going to be used for
writing on paper as well as computer use a flat surface that is
between 28"-30" above the floor (suitable for most adults).
 You should consider attaching a keyboard/mouse tray system to your
work surface.
 Choose a system that is height adjustable, that allows you to tilt the
keyboard down away from you slightly for better wrist posture, and
that allows you to use the mouse with your upper arms relaxed and
as close to the body as possible and with your wrist in a comfortable
and neutral position.

Step # 4: What chair will be used?
55
 Choose a comfortable chair for the user to sit in.

1. If only one person is using this the chair can even be at a fixed
height providing that it is comfortable to sit on and has a good
backrest that provides lumbar support.
2. If more than one person will be using the computer, consider a
chair with several ergonomic features.
 Best seated posture:
1. Studies show that the best seated posture is a reclined posture
of 100-110 degrees
2. NOT the upright 90 degree posture that is often portrayed.

How to choose an ergonomic chair?
56
 An ergonomic chair should meet at least the following

criteria:
1. Does the seat pan feel comfortable and fit your shape?
2. Is the seat chair height adjustable?
3. Is the range of height adjustment of the chair sufficient to meet

the needs of all users?
4. Does the chair have a comfortable lumbar (lower back) back
rest?
5. Is the chair back rest large enough to provide good back
support?
6. When you sit back against the lumbar support is there ample
space for hip room?

How to choose an ergonomic chair? (Cont.)
57
7. Does the seat pan still feel comfortable after you've been
sitting in it for 60 - 120 minutes?
8. Does the chair backrest recline and support your back in
different positions?
9. Does the chair have a 5 pedestal base?
10. Do you need armrests on your chair?
11. Do you need a footrest?
12. What chair covering is best?
13. Do you need an adjustable tilt seat pan ?

Step # 5: What kind of work will the computer be used for?
58
 Try to anticipate what type of software will be used most

often.
1. Word processing: arranging the best keyboard/mouse
position is high priority.
2. Surfing the net, graphic design: arranging the best
mouse position is high priority.
3. Data entry: arranging the best numeric keypad/keyboard
is a high priority.
4. Games: arranging the best keyboard/mouse/game pad is a
high priority.

Step # 6: What can you see?
59
 Make sure that any paper documents that you are reading are
placed as close to the computer monitor as possible and that
these are at a similar angle - use a document holder where
possible.
 Take the following considerations into account to
position the monitor:
1. Place it directly in front of you and facing you.
2. Center the monitor on the user.
3. Put the monitor at a comfortable height.
4. Bifocals and progressive lens.
5. Viewing distance.
6. Screen quality.
7. Eye checkup.
8. Use a document holder that can be comfortably seen.

Step # 7: Posture, posture, posture!
60
 Good posture is the basis of good workstation ergonomics.

Good posture is the best way to avoid a computer-related
injury. To ensure good user posture:
1. Make sure that the user can reach the keyboard keys with their wrists
as flat as possible (not bent up or down) and straight (not bent left or
right).
2. Make sure that the user's elbow angle (the angle between the inner
surface of the upper arm and the forearm) is at or greater than 90
degrees to avoid nerve compression at the elbow.
3. Make sure that the upper arm and elbow are as close to the body and
as relaxed as possible for mouse use - avoid overreaching.
4. Make sure the user sits back in the chair and has good back support.
5. Make sure the head and neck are as straight as possible .
6. Make sure the posture feels relaxed for the user.

Step # 8: Keep it close!
61
 Make sure that those things the user uses most frequently are placed
closest to the user so that they can be conveniently and comfortably
reached.
 Make sure that the user is centered on the alphanumeric keyboard.
Most modern keyboards are asymmetrical in design (the
alphanumeric keyboard is to the left and a numeric keypad to the
right). If the outer edges of the keyboard are used as landmarks for
centering the keyboard and monitor, the users hands will be deviated
because the alphanumeric keys will be to the left of the user's
midline. Move the keyboard so that the center of the alphanumeric
keys (the B key, is centered on the mid-line of the user).
 Make sure that the phone is also close to you if you frequently use it.

Step # 9: Good Workstation Ergonomic Arrangement
62
 A good workstation ergonomic arrangement will allow any

computer user to work in a neutral, relaxed, ideal typing posture that
will minimize the risk of developing any injury.
 An ideal keyboard arrangement is to place this on a height adjustable
negative-tilt tray.
 An ideal mouse arrangement is for this to be on a flat surface that's 1-
2" above the keyboard and moveable over the numeric keypad.
 If you want a surface at the level of the keyboard base then make sure
that this can also be angled downwards slightly to help to keep your
hands in wrist neutral while you are mousing, and keep your elbow is
as close to the body as possible while you work.

Step # 10: Where will the computer be used?
63
 Think about the following environmental conditions where the

computer will be used:
1. Lighting: make sure that the lighting isn't too bright. You shouldn't
see any bright light glare on the computer screen. If you do, move the
screen, lower the light level, use a good quality, glass anti-glare
screen. Also make sure that the computer monitor screen isn't backed
to a bright window or facing a bright window so that there's the
screen looks washed out (use a shade or drapes to control window
brightness).
2. Ventilation: make sure that you use your computer somewhere that
has adequate fresh-air ventilation and that has adequate heating or
cooling so that you feel comfortable when you're working.
3. Noise: noise can cause stress and that tenses your muscles which can
increase injury risks. Try to choose a quiet place for your workstation,
and use low volume music, preferably light classical, to mask the hum
of any fans or other sound sources.

Lighting
Workstation Design
65
GENERAL TIPS

12 tips for an Ergonomic Computer Workstation
66

Take a Break!
67
 All Ergonomists agree that it's a good idea to take frequent, brief rest breaks: Practice the
following:
1. Eye breaks: Every 15 minutes you should briefly look away from the screen for a
minute or two to a more distant scene, preferably something more that 20 feet
away. This lets the muscles inside the eye relax. Also, blink your eyes rapidly for a
few seconds. This refreshes the tear film and clears dust from the eye surface.
2. Micro-breaks: most typing is done in bursts rather than continuously. Between
these bursts of activity you should rest your hands in a relaxed, flat, straight
posture.
3. Rest breaks: every 30 to 60 minutes you should take a brief rest break. During
this break stand up, move around and do something else. Go and get a drink of
water, tea, coffee or whatever.
4. Exercise breaks - there are many stretching and gentle exercises that you can do
to help relieve muscle fatigue. You should do these every 1-2 hours.
5. Ergonomic software: working at a computer can be hypnotic, and often you
don't realize how long you've been working and how much you've been typing and
mousing. You can get excellent ergonomic software that you can install on your
computer.

Problem postures
68
 Desk top keyboard

Problem postures (Cont.)
69
 Conventional keyboard tray

Ideal Typing Position
70
 Negative slope keyboard support

Good Posture
DO! & DO NOT!
72
Do NOT! DO!
 Looking forward to look at the  Keep your back naturally
screen, use the keyboard, and curved. Support your lower
move the mouse. back with a lumbar support.

DO! & DO NOT! (Cont.)
73
Do NOT! DO!
 Keep your feet flat on the floor  Take breaks from sitting in you
or the footrest. Do not tuck chair. Stand up, stretch
your feet under your chair.

74
DO NOT! DO!
 Do not use a wrist rest.  Position the keyboard so that
your forearms are parallel to
your thighs when your feet are
flat on the floor.

75
DO NOT! DO!
 Do not use a mouse that forces  Keep your elbow close to your
you to bend your wrist. body and allow your arm to
relax while you use the mouse.

Good Vs. Poor Designs
76
 Conventional Arrangement  Improved Ergonomic
Arrangement

Good Vs. Poor Designs (Cont.)
77
 Conventional Arrangement  Improved Ergonomic
Arrangement

Mouse Use
78
 Conventional Mouse  Improved Ergonomic
Arrangement Arrangement

Screen Adjustment
79
 The optimum position for the most important visual

display, 15-50 degrees below the horizontal line of sight,
according to the International Standards Organisation

Lab # 3: Workstation Design 80 July 22, 2019

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Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

 Ergonomics is a scientific discipline, which is

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

Designing for ergonomics requires understanding and

 The work environment, including such things as noise

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

 Because people spend up to 90% of their time

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

Ergonomic furniture should be designed to facilitate

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

 Ergonomics is used in the design of furniture to

 Poor access or inadequate clearance and excessive reach.

 Display that are difficult to read and understand.

 Controls that are confusing to operate or require too

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

 Design objectives should support humans to achieve

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

 To achieve the previous objectives, there are several

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

MODERN WORK ENVIRONMENT

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

 Changes in modern business practices have

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

In the Past At Present

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

Private Office Open-Plan Office

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

 You must take into your account how office design

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

 Absorption properties of the ceiling, the workstation

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

 In any office, indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

 Light reflected off surfaces and objects reveals the

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

 Offices exist primarily to allow employees to do their

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019

 Partition height: Heights between 1.5 m and 1.8 m are recommended

Lab # 3: Workstation Design July 22, 2019