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**Inspection item
• Design information
– material type or grade
– Nominal outside diameter
– Designing pressure
– Design life
– Deign temperature
– Original nominal thickness
• Operating information
– Maximum tube metal Thickness measurements
temperature of water wall tubes
– Normal operating pressure furnace
– Original measured minimum
thickness
– Metal thinning rate
Minimum required thickness for SA178-C
SA-178 A ERW Low carbon steel - C=0.18 max. Boiler tubes, economizers, low temp. superheaters
SA-178 C ERW Medium carbon steel - C=0.35 max. Boiler tubes, economizers, low temp. superheaters
SA-192 Smls. Low carbon steel - C=0.18 max Waterwalls, economizers, low temp. superheaters
SA-210 A1 Smls. Medium carbon steel - C=0.27 max. Waterwalls, economizers, superheaters
SA-210 C Smls. Medium carbon steel - C=0.35 max. Waterwalls, economizers, superheaters
SA-209 T1 Smls. Low alloy steel - low carbon, 1/2% moly Superheaters
SA-209 T1a Smls. Low alloy steel - medium carbon, 1/2% moly Superheaters
SA-209 T1b Smls. Low alloy steel - low carbon, 1/2% moly Superheaters
SA-213 T2 Smls. Intermediate alloy - 1/2% chrome, 1/2% moly Waterwalls, superheaters, not in common use
SA-213 T11 Smls. Intermediate alloy - 1 1/4% chrome, 1/2% moly Waterwalls, superheaters
SA-213 T22 Smls. Intermediate alloy - 2 1/4% chrome, 1% moly Waterwalls, superheaters
SA-213 T5 Smls. Intermediate alloy - 5% chrome, 1/2% moly High temperature superheaters, not in common use
SA-213 T9 Smls. Intermediate alloy - 9% chrome, 1% moly High temperature superheaters, no longer in common use
SA-213 T91 Smls. Intermediate alloy - 9% chrome, 1% moly , 1/4% vanadium High temperature superheaters - the latest and greatest
SA-213 Tp-304H Smls. Stainless steel for high temperature service High temperature superheaters
SA-213 Tp-316 Smls. Stainless steel - 16% chrome, 11% nickel Superheaters
SA-213 Tp-316H Smls. Stainless steel for high temperature service High temperature superheaters
SA-213 Tp-321 Smls. Stainless steel - 17% chrome, 9% nickel, 0.60% titanium Superheaters
SA-213 Tp-321H Smls. Stainless steel for high temperature service High temperature superheaters
SA-213 Tp-347 Smls. Stainless steel - 17% chrome, 9% nickel, columbium + tantalum=1.00% max. Superheaters
SA-213 Tp-347H Smls. Stainless steel for high temperature service High temperature superheaters
6-Sample tube -
Destructive test for the Sample tube For Water Wall ,SR and RH tubes
– Life diagnoses based on check of metal structure, thickness, inner scale, etc
– Sample tube takes according to the result of hardness measurement
• Investigation Items
– Visual inspection
– Non destructive test
– Chemical analysis
– Measurement of the tube dimension
– Hardness measurement
– Cross sectional microstructure observation
– Steam oxidation observation
– Creep rupture test
– Measurement of the inner scale thickness
• Information
– Material of Sample tube
– tube dimension
sample tubes
Non-destructive Testing:
Technology for assessing the soundness of a component
Non-destructive Inspection:
Technology for inspecting material to known standards
Non-destructive Evaluation:
Art of developing NDT techniques arriving at acceptance standards
for components
Activities Come under NDT &E
To find:
ACTIVE DETECTOR
RADIOGRAPHY
NDT&E ULTRASONICS OUTPUT
EDDY CURRENT INTERROGATING SIGNAL
MPI/ LPT MEDIUM
PASSIVE DETECTOR
ACOUSTIC EMISSION
DETECTOR
THERMOGAPHY DETECTOR
VIBRATION MONITORING
DETECTOR
Common NDT Methods
•Visual Inspection
•Liquid Penetrant Testing
•Magnetic Particle Testing
•Ultrasonic Testing
•Eddy current Testing
•Radiography
•Thermography
•Acoustic Emission
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Phenomenon used
.
Reflection
Refraction
Difraction
Attenuation
Reflection, Refraction
Snell’s law
Reflection, Refraction
Snell’s law
Diffraction
BACKSCATTERED SIGNAL
Types of waves
Excitation
E(1 - ν)
vL
Wave Velocity: ρ1 ν 1 2ν
Transverse Waves
Also called, Shear Waves, Secondary Waves
Excitation
E
v
Wave Velocity: T 2ρ1 ν
Acoustic impedance
The acoustic impedance (Z) of a material is defined
Z = V
Important:
Transmission and Reflection
Sound absorption
Design of ultrasonic transducers
Reflection and Transmission
Transmitted wave
T = (1-R) = 4Z1Z2/(Z2+Z1)2
Ultrasound Testing Methods
•Pulse Echo
•Through Transmission
Pulse-Echo using Contact Probe
Plate Testing
Amplitude %FSH 0%
_ Phase
-100%
Time / Depth
Signal from
indication
Back surface
Back surface
Front surface Signal from
indication
C-SCAN
IP
Front surface Back surface
Area of interest
1 2
Concave Root
1
2
2 3
3
1
2
3
Internal Rotary Inspection System
(IRIS)
IRIS
A computerized ultrasonic inspection system best suited for integrity
assessment of air fin cooler tubes, which are inaccessible from
external sides because of fins.
It consists of ;
– The mirror rotates at high speed and reflects the ultrasonic beam around
the tube circumference to perform a 360 deg scan of the wall thickness.
Surface defects
MPT
N S
MPT
Types of particles:
•dry particles, or
• wet particles in a liquid carrier such as water or oil.
MPT
Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday’s Experiment
91
Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Minus Sign
The electromotive force (EMF) induced in a coil of wire is
proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic field coupling into
that coil.
92
Eddy Current Technique
When a metallic material is placed close to an alternating magnetic field, current is
induced within the materials which opposes the applied magnetic field. The current
induced within the materials due to the presence of external magnetic field is known as
eddy current
i
0
V0=VR+VL
=iR0+L0 (di/dt)
=iR0+ jL0 ωi
i=i0ejωt where ω=2πf, j=√-i
XL ~
Resistance Reactance
Impedance Z2 = R2 + XL2
= R2 + 2L2
Inductance
Phaser = 2 f (frequency)
Diagra
m
Reactance (L)
Resistance (R)
Resistance Reactance
Impedance Z2 = R2 + XL2
= R2 + 2L2
Inductance
= 2 f (frequency)
Cu
= depth of penetration
= 1/ (fµ )1/2
δ At Different
At 10 KHz
Frequencies
At 240 KHz
100
Effect of Lift off
:
5% ID Groove 10% OD Groove 0.25mm dent
2.5mm wide 2.5mm wide Carbon steel
support
Y-Channel
Distanc
e
Current trends:
Multiufrequency, approach, Modeling for defect size
determination, materials Characterisation
Coating Thickness Measurement
Crowded conductivity
102
Detecting Cracks with Eddy Currents
LFET:
(a) Electromag. driver creates
magnetic flux lines (nominal
condition with no discontinuities)
(b) flux lines that deviate from the
nominal condition (discontinuity)
Phase and amplitude of the induced
signal are measured.
Internal oxide scale thickness measurement (S/H & R/H tubes
• Computed radiography
• In this form of digital radiography, flexible & reusable storage phosphor plate is used
for imaging in place of the radiographic film. Subsequent processing is necessary to
get the digital image as described below.
• When exposed to radioactive rays, electrons inside the phosphor crystals get excited
and are trapped in a semi-stable higher energy state. This impression of radiographic
rays (latent image) on phosphor screen is invisible.
• The phosphor screen is taken/moved to the laser beam unit. Very small scanning laser
strikes the screen and releases the trapped electron, causing visible light to be emitted
in proportion to the radioactive exposure.
• Light detector measures the brightness of light on the phosphor screen and the
analogous data measured for each pixel of the screen is digitized and stored in
computer as a digital image
ECT for assessing life/thick of
coating (ctd.)
The Frequency scanning
eddy current system F-
SECT has been developed
for nondestructive
condition assessment of
new and serviced high-
temperature coatings
applied on the hot gas-path
components of modern gas
turbines.