COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT

โดย นายชลี เบญจร ัตนานนท ์

 ่
1. เพือสร ้างความเข ้าใจหลักการและองค ์ประกอบของ
Thermodynamic cycle
่ ้าใจพืนฐานหลั
2. เพือเข ้ กการทางานและทฤษฎีของ
Rankine. cycle
3. เพือเข ้
่ ้าพืนฐานหลั กการทางานและทฤษฎีของ Braytan
cycle
4. เพือเข ่ ้าพืนฐานหลั
้ กการทางานและทฤษฎีของ
Combined cycle
1. Thermodynamic cycle
2. Brayton cycle
3. Rankin cycle
4. Combined cycle
Two important application
1. Power cycle
- Engine
- Gas turbine
- Steam turbine
2. Refrigeration cycle
- Air conditioners
- Refrigerators
- Heat pump
 Gas cycle & Vapor cycle
• Phase of working fluid
 Close cycle & Open cycle
• Returned or Renew
• Recirculated
 Internal combustion & External combustion
• The heat supplied from internal or external
source
• power plant , automotive
• geothermal , furnace , nuclear , even the sun
The idealizations cycle:
1. Not involve friction
2. Quasi-equilibrium
3. Well insulated & heat transfer negligible
4. KE & PE negligible
The carnot cycle :
1. (1-2) Isothermal heat addition
2. (2-3) Isentropic expansion
3. (3-4) Isothermal heat rejection
4. (4-1) Isentropic compression

η th, carnot = Wnet / Qin = 1 - TL / TH

 T Qin
1 2
TH
Isentropic

Isentropic
TL
3 4
Qout

S
The carnot cycle
The ideal Gas turbine cycle :
1 – 2 : Isentropic compression ( in a compressor )
2 – 3 : P = constant heat addition
3 – 4 : Isentropic expansion ( in a turbine )
4 – 1 : P = constant heat rejection
The conservation of energy , steady flow , unit mass

q – w = Δh + Δke + Δpe

q – w = Δh

qin = q 23 = h2 – h3 = Cp( T3-T2)

qout = q 41 = h4 – h1 = Cp( T4-T1)

 η th, brayton = Wnet / Qin = 1 – q out / q in

η th = 1 – q out/q in = 1 – (Cp( T4-T1))/( Cp( T3-T2))

= 1 – (T1( T4/T 1 )- 1)/ (T2( T3/T 2 )- 1 )

1-2 & 3-4 isentropic and P2=P3 and P4 = P1

T2/T1 = (P2/P1) (k-1)/k = (P3/P4) (k-1)/k = T3/T4

η th = 1- 1 / r p (k-1/k)

Where r p = P2/P1 pressure ratio , k – specific heat ratio ( Cp/Cv)

 Air
Argon

Efficiency and specific work output

Deviation of actual Gas-turbine cycle from
idealized ones

ηc = ws / wa = ( h2s – h1 )/( h2a – h1)

η t = wa / ws = ( h3 – h4a )/ ( h3 – h4s )

Back work ratio = W c / Wt

Deviation of actual Gas-turbine cycle from idealized ones
The ideal cycle of vapor power cycle :
1 – 2 : Isentropic compression ( in a pump )
2 – 3 : P = constant heat addition ( in boiler )
3 – 4 : Isentropic expansion ( in a turbine )
4 – 1 : P = constant heat rejection ( in condenser )
The steady flow energy equation per unit mass :

q – w = he – hi ( kj/kg)

The boiler and condenser do not invole any work

The pump and turbine assume isentropic
1. Pump : ( q=0 ) w pump ,in = h2 – h1
= v( P2-P1 )
Where h1 = hf@P1 and v = v1 = vf@P1

2. Boiler : ( w=0 ) q in = h3 – h2

3. Turbine : ( q=0 ) w turbine , output = h3 – h4

4. Condenser : ( w=0 ) q out = h4 – h1

The thermal efficiency of the Rankin cycle :
ηth = w net / q in = 1 – ( q out / q in )
Where
w net = q in – q out = w turbine,out - w pump,in
Deviation of actual vapor power cycles from
idealized ones :

ηp = ws / wa = ( h2s – h1 )/( h2a – h1)

η t = wa / ws = ( h3 – h4a )/ ( h3 – h4s )
Deviation of actual vapor power cycles from idealized ones :
How can we increase the efficiency of the Rankin cycle :

1. Lowering the condenser pressure ( lower T low av )

2. Superheating the steam to high temperature

( increase T high , av )

3. Increasing the boiler pressure ( increase T high , av )

Lowering the condenser pressure ( lower T low av )
Superheating the steam to high temperature ( increase T high , av )
Increasing the boiler pressure ( increase T high , av )
Increasing the boiler pressure ( increase T high , av )
> critical point ( 22.09 Mpa )
The ideal reheat Rankine cycle
Combined gas-vapor power cycle

- Higher thermal efficiencies over 50 %

- Conventional power plants
- Greatest interest
- The gas-turbine (Braytton)cycle topping a steam-
turbine (Rankine)cycle
- Fluid temp 620oC(1150oF) for steam turbine and
1150 oC(2100oF) for gas turbine
Combined gas-vapor power cycle
- Gas turbine: Cooling & coating turbine blade , high
temp resistance material(ceramic)
- Exhaust gas as the energy source for a bottoming
cycle such as steam power cycle
- The energy recovered from the exhaust gas by boiler
or HRSG
- Economically very attractive
- Increase eff. Without increase initial cost
Example :

Consider the combined gas-steam power cycle shown 9-26. the topping cycle is a gas turbine cycle that
has a pressure ratio 8 . Air enters the compressor at 300 K and the turbine at 1300 K .The adiabatic
efficiency of the compressor 80 percent ,and that of the gas turbine is 85 percent .The bottoming cycle is
a simple ideal Rankin cycle operating between the pressure limits of 7 Mpa and 5 kPa .Steam is heated
in a heat exchanger by the exhaust gases to a temperature of 500 o C .The exhaust gages leave the heat
exchanger at 450 K determine

a) The ratio of the mass flow rates of the steam and the combustion gases
b) The thermal efficiency of the combined cycle
Solution

a)The ratio of the mass flow rates of the steam and the combustion gases

y = ms / mg = ( h’4 – h’5 ) / ( h3 – h 2 )

w net = w net ,gas + y w net , steam

b)The thermal efficiency of the combined cycle

η = w net / q in
- Combined Gas-Vapor cycle or
Combined Cycle = Gas turbine (Brayton cycle)
+ Steam turbine (Rankine cycle)
- Gas turbine as high temp. (topping)

- Steam turbine as low temp. (bottoming)

- Steam is heated by exhaust gas (HRSG)

- Higher thermal efficiency than one alone

 The End
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