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Lecture Outline
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• Sensation:
conscious awareness of stimuli received by
sensory neurons
• Sensory receptors:
sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli by
developing action potentials
2
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Types of Senses
• General senses:
- receptors over large part of body
- somatic provide info. about body and env’t
- visceral provide info. about internal organs,
pain, pressure
- touch, pressure, pain, temp., and itch
• Special senses:
smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance
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Types of Receptors
• Mechanoreceptors:
- detect movement
- Ex. touch, pressure, vibration
• Chemoreceptors:
- detect chemicals
- Ex. Odors
• Photoreceptors:
detect light 4
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• Thermoreceptors:
detect temp. changes
• Nociceptors:
detect pain
5
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Types of Touch Receptors
• Merkel’s disk:
detect light touch and pressure
• Meissner corpuscle:
- deep in epidermis
- localizing tactile sensations
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• Ruffini corpuscle:
- deep tactile receptors
- detects continuous pressure in skin
• Pacinian corpuscle:
- deepest receptors
- associated with tendons and joints
- detect deep pressure, vibration, position
• What is it?
unpleasant perceptual and emotional
experience
9
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Types of Pain
• Localized:
- sharp, pricking, cutting pain
- rapid action potential
• Diffuse:
- burning, aching pain
- slower action potentials
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Pain Control
• Local anesthesia:
- action potentials suppressed from pain
receptors in local areas
- chemicals are injected near sensory nerve
• General anesthesia:
- loss of consciousness
- chemicals affect reticular formation
11
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Referred Pain
• What is it?
- originates in a region that is not source of pain
stimulus
- felt when internal organs are damaged or
inflamed
- sensory neurons from superficial area and
neurons of source pain converge onto same
ascending neurons of spinal cord
15
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Figure 9.3b
19
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Types of Tastes
• Sweet
• Sour
• Salty
• Bitter
• Umami
• Eyelid/Eyelashes:
- protects from foreign objects
- lubricates by blinking
21
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• Conjunctiva:
thin membrane that covers inner surface of
eyelid
• Lacrimal apparatus:
produces tears
27
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Fibrous Tunic
• Outermost layer
• Sclera:
- firm, white outer part
- helps maintain eye shape, provides attachment
sites, protects internal structures
• Cornea:
- transparent structure that covers iris and pupil
- allows light to enter and focuses light
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Vascular Tunic
• Middle layer
• Contains blood supply
• Choroid:
- black part (melanin)
- delivers O2 and nutrients to retina
• Ciliary body:
helps hold lens in place
• Suspensory ligaments:
help hold lens in place 29
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• Lens:
- flexible disk
- focuses light onto retina
• Iris:
- colored part
- surrounds and regulates pupil
• Pupil:
- regulates amount of light entering
- lots of light = constricted
- little light = dilated
30
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Nervous Tunic
• Innermost tunic
• Retina:
- covers posterior 5/6 of eye
- contains 2 layers
• Pigmented retina:
- outer layer
- keeps light from reflecting back in eye
• Opsin:
colorless protein in rhodopsin
• Retinal:
- yellow pigment in rhodopsin
- requires vitamin A
37
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Effects of Light on Rhodopsin
1. Light strikes rod cell
2. Retinal changes shape
3. Opsin changes shape
4. Retinal dissociates from opsin
5. Change rhodopsin shape stimulates response
in rod cell which results in vision
6. Retinal detaches from opsin
7. ATP required to reattach retinal to opsin and
return rhodopsin to original shape
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Figure 9.13
• Rods:
photoreceptors that detect amount light
• Cones:
- photoreceptors that detect colors
- 3 types: red, blue, green 41
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• Macula:
small spot near center of retina
• Fovea centralis:
- center of macula
- where light is focused when looking directly
at an object
- only cones
- ability to discriminate fine images
46
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Functions of Eye
Light Refraction
Bending of light
• Focal point:
- point where light rays converge
- occurs anterior to retina
- object is inverted
FP
A FP
A
Lens flattened
Lens thickened
(a) (b)
• Optic chiasm:
where 2 optic nerves connect
• Optic tracts:
route of ganglion axons
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Figure
9.16b
54
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Hearing and Balance
External (Outer) Ear
• Extends from outside of head to eardrum
• Auricle:
fleshy part on outside
• External auditory meatus:
canal that leads to eardrum
• Tympanic membrane:
- eardrum
- thin membrane that separates external and
middle ear 56
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Middle Ear
• Air filled chamber
• Malleus (hammer):
bone attached to tympanic membrane
• Incus (anvil):
bone that connects malleus to stapes
• Stapes (stirrup):
bone located at base of oval window
57
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• Oval window:
separates middle and inner ear
58
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59
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Inner Ear
• Set of fluid filled chambers
• Bony labyrinth:
- tunnels filled with fluid
- 3 regions: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular
canals
• Membranous labyrinth:
- inside bony labyrinth
- filled with endolymph
60
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• Endolymph:
clear fluid in membranous labyrinth
• Perilymph:
fluid between membranous and bony labyrinth
• Cochlea:
- snail-shell shaped structure
- where hearing takes place
• Basilar membrane:
wall of membranous labyrinth that lines scala
tympani
67
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Balance (Equilibrium)
• Static equilibrium:
- associated with vestibule
- evaluates position of head relative to gravity
• Dynamic equilibrium:
- associated with semicircular canals
- evaluates changes in direction and rate of head
movement