UMTS Coverage Discussion

UMTS Coverage
CNAC performance TEAM
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Page 1
Page 1
Outline
 UMTS Planning Methodology

 UMTS Coverage, and Loading
 UMTS Measurements

Page 2
Page 2
UMTS Network Planning Concepts
Similarities and Differences with GSM
GSM UTRAN - FDD

• TDMA (narrowband) • CDMA (Wideband)
• CS service • Mixed packet and circuit
switched services
• Single bearer rate
• Multiple bearer rates
• Frequency planning
required • Frequency reuse of 1
• Hard capacity • Soft capacity
• Hard handover • Soft handover
• Handover to and from GSM

Page 3
Page 3
UMTS Planning Methodology
UMTS Network Planning for
y
tar
a Particular or a Mixed Bearer rate
rie
op
Pr
Coverage Capacity
Uplink, Link Traffic Prediction HW Capacity

Budgets
Interference Mixed Service Erlangs/Site or
Cell Radius Margin Traffic Model Sector
Total Req. Er.

B A
B/A
Capacity
No of Required Sites/Sectors No of Required Sites/Sectors Enhancement
for Coverage for Capacity Options
C D
Coverage Limited Yes C>D No Capacity Limited

Page 4
Page 4
Outline

 UMTS Coverage, and Loading

Page 5
Page 5
Coverage and Capacity
GSM Coverage
• The coverage is determined by - BTS or MS - transmit power, receiver sensitivity and
maximum allowable pass loss.
• TDMA receiver sensitivity:
C
Rx sensivity  kTB  NF 
I
• Cell boundary can be defined by the RSSI
• The RSSI is derived from the MAPL, Transmit power
• Frequency planning plays a key role in:
• Mitigating interference (co-channels and adjacent channels interference)
• Capacity – the tighter the reuse the higher the capacity
• Frequency hopping allows tighter frequency reuse (higher capacity)

Page 6
Page 6
WCDMA Coverage
• Adequate signal level (RSSI) does not guarantee adequate coverage (service quality).
This is mainly due to the fact that CDMA utilizes a frequency reuse of 1
• The received signal strength
represents the composite signals
from the serving cell, the
neighboring cells and other sources
(thermal, external interference, etc...)

Page 7
Page 7
CPICH Measurement RSCP, Ec/No
• GSM: RSSI(Rx_level) -against receiver sensitivity, C/I-comparing to C/I threshold for
voice quality (reflected in Rx_qual, BER)
• UMTS: RSCP-against receiver sensitivity, Ec/No-for quality of service (best indicator for
quality of other CCH and DCH) BLER is the indicator for DCH.
GSM-All RF Signals Received at

Location A
N1
C 5.5 7.4dB
Signal
N2 I
N5
N4 N3
Co/Adj
interferen
ce
UMTS-All RF Signals Received at
Location A
CPICH1
No1 Ec 0.25 25% -6 dB
No
No2
No6
No5 No3
No4

Page 8
Page 8
Ec/No Conversion
Ec/No Ec/No Ec/No Ec/No Ec/No Ec/No

(dB) (Dec) (%) (dB) (Dec) (%)
-1 0.7943 79.4% -13 0.0501 5.0%
-1.1 0.7762 77.6% -14 0.0398 4.0%
-2 0.6310 63.1% -15 0.0316 3.2%
-3 0.5012 50.1% -16 0.0251 2.5%
-4 0.3981 39.8% -17 0.0200 2.0%
-5 0.3162 31.6% -18 0.0158 1.6%
-6 0.2512 25.1% -19 0.0126 1.3%
-7 0.1995 20.0% -20 0.0100 1.0%
-8 0.1585 15.8% -21 0.0079 0.8%
-9 0.1259 12.6% -22 0.0063 0.6%
-10 0.1000 10.0% -23 0.0050 0.5%
-11 0.0794 7.9% -24 0.0040 0.4%
-12 0.0631 6.3% -25 0.0032 0.3%

Page 9
Page 9
What is CPICH?
• To acquire the system, the UE needs to be able to decode the Common Pilot Channel
(CPICH)
• Equivalent to BCCH carrier in GSM, always on air
• Typically 5% to 20% of total carrier power
• Aide channel estimation at the terminal
• 1 primary CPICH per sector (uses primary scrambling code)
• Used for HO and cell selection/reselection measurements
• CPICH uses SF 256

Page 10
Page 10
• CPICH coverage is affected by

• Ec/Io as required by the demodulator
• Ratio of Energy per chip to power spectral density. Ec is the energy per chip
and Io is the power spectral density (total measured signal: serving +
neighboring cells + other interference)
• This ratio is impacted by the energy allocated to the CPICH (Ec) and the Power
Spectral density (Io). RSCP is the received signal code power and is
independent of the traffic load.
• Io depends on same and other cell loading. Hence, when traffic increases in the
serving and neighboring cells, the coverage boundaries of the cells change (Ec/Io
ratio changes).

Page 11
Page 11
• In connected mode, the UE can access different services, each with different signal
quality requirement. The receiver sensitivity for a specific terminal will depend on the
service type:
• WCDMA receiver sensitivity (UL):
W E
Rx sensivity  kTW   NF  b
Rb Nt
Eb Ratio between the received energy per information bit to the total effective
Nt noise and interference power density needed to satisfy the used service
NF Noise figure referenced to the receiver input

Rb Information rate 10*log(bit rate).
W Chip Rate

Page 12
Page 12
WCDMA receiver sensitivity (Cont.)

• is influenced by:
Eb
• Requirements of the receiver (BLER)
Nt
• Same and other cell loading / Interference (Impacts Nt)
• Power allocated on the UL or DL (Impacts Eb)
• Since the receiver has different Eb/Nt requirement for different services, under
specific loading conditions, the UE may only support specific services, such as
voice, but not others, such as PS384.
• Eb can be estimated by adding to measured RSCP the processing gain value.
• Eb/Nt can be estimated by adding (in dB) the processing gain to Ec/Io

Page 13
Page 13
WCDMA Coverage
• Example:
• KT = -174 dBm/Hz,
• NF = 5dB,
• Loading factor 50%,
• Voice users (12.2kbps) – Processing gain Gb = 25dB
• Measured RSCP -118dBm
• RSSI = KTW + RSCP + NF + Load = -100dBm
• Eb = RSCP + Gb = -93dBm
• Eb/Nt = Eb – RSSI = 7dB
• Ec/Io = Eb/No – Gb = -18.2 dB

Page 14
Page 14
WCDMA Coverage
• Example (Cont.):
Eb -93dBm
Eb/Nt
RSSI -100dBm
Ec/Io
KT + NF -103dBm
RSCP -118dBm

Page 15
Page 15
• Multi service, Multi rate system

• Code Division Multiple Access Technique
• All terminals share the same frequency
• Mutual degradation of Radio Links defeated by sophisticated power control
mechanism
• Coverage linked to traffic and services
• Cell breathing
Realistic WCDMA planning needs to consider traffic, power

allocation and power control

Page 16
Page 16
Power Allocation
• CPICH power is the reference of all other channels used in the network
• Tx power of all other CCH channels maintain fixed relation with CPICH to secure
successful decoding scheme
• Maximum power of DCH is set to be same as CPICH to ensure minimum traffic
offering with good signaling
Channel Peak Power Peak Power Duty cycle Power relative Average Power
(dBm) (W) (%) P-CPCICH (W)
(dB)
P-CPICH 33 2.0 100 0 2.0
BCH 31.5 1.4 90 -1.5 1.3
PCH 34.2 2.6 25 1.2 0.7
P-SCH 32.8 1.9 10 -0.2 0.2
S-SCH 30.9 1.2 10 -2.1 0.1
PICH 23 0.2 96 -10 0.2
AICH 28 0.6 25 -5 0.2
FACH-1 29.6 0.9 25 -3.4 0.2
FACH-2 29.9 1.0 25 -3.1 0.2
Total Ior_cch 5.1

Page 17
Page 17
Power Allocation
3%
6% 1%
1%
1%
75% 25%
1%
1%
10% 1%
Traffic P-CPICH BCH PCH P-SCH S-SCH PICH AICH FACH-1 FACH-2

Page 18
Page 18
Power Planning
• As described before, some of the signalling channels in UMTS are transmitted at higher
power levels compared to the traffic channels to ensure reliable reception
• The most important channel for power planning is the CPICH.
• The P-CPICH power determines the cell area, and effects the downlink capacity of the
system.
• Pilot power planning is based on:
 load
 traffic mix
 the required coverage probability
 number of user in the SHO mode

Page 19
Page 19
Cell Breathing
• Different traffic loads would result in different interference levels

• The link budgets: increased interference -> smaller cell radius
MAI
MAI MAI
• Cell breathing could cause gaps in the coverage or significant amount of interference
• Downlink power control is used to remedy this problem
• Mitigate cell breathing during planning phase

Page 20
Page 20
WCDMA -vs- GSM Link Budgets
Unloaded Networks
UL (WCDMA) UL (GSM)
Test environment Vehicular Vehicular
Multipath channel class A (120 km/h) A (120 km/h)
Test service Speech Speech
data rate 12200 270000
Chip rate bit/s 3840000 200000
Maximum total TX power dBm 21 30
Cable, conn. and combiner losses dB 3 3
TX antenna gain dBi 0 0
Total TX EIRP dBm 18 27
RX antenna gain dBi 18 18
Cable and connector losses dB 0 0
Receiver noise figure dB 4 4
System Loading % 0.0 0.0
Thermal noise density dBm/Hz -174 -174
Chipping rate dBHz 65.8 51.0
Required Eb/(No+Io) dB 7.0 9.0
RX sensitivity dB -122.1 -110.0
Handoff gain dB 0.0 0.0
Space diversity gain dB 0 2
Log-normal fade margin dB 0.0 0.0
Maximum path loss dB 158.1 154.0
Maximum range m 6292.7 4881.5
Coverage efficiency km²/site 102.88 61.91
Page 21
Page 21
WCDMA -vs- GSM Link Budgets
Loaded Networks – 50%

UL (WCDMA) UL (GSM)
Multipath channel class A (120 km/h) A (120 km/h)
Test service Speech Speech
data rate 12200 270000
Chip rate bit/s 3840000 200000
Page 22
Page 22
Coverage Planning: WCDMA vs. GSM Coverage
Comparison based on:

- Traffic Channel (speech) Performance.
- Uplink Link Budget (limited).
- WCDMA loaded to 50% of UL capacity.
Loaded WCDMA Network Loaded GSM Network Unloaded WCDMA Network

(50% UL) (50% UL)

Page 23
Page 23
Speech -vs- PS128 Link Budgets
WCDMA Loaded Networks (50%)

UL (WCDMA) UL (WCDMA)
Multipath channel class A (75 m/h) A (75 m/h)
Test service PS 128 Speech
data rate 128000 12200
Chip rate bit/s 3840000 3840000
Page 24
Page 24
Coverage Planning: Speech vs. PS128
Calculation based on:

- Traffic Channel (speech) Performance.
- Traffic Channel Performance.
- Uplink Link Budget (limited).
- WCDMA loaded to 50% capacity.
Unloaded WCDMA Network
Loaded WCDMA Network Loaded WCDMA Network

(PS128, 50%) (Speech, 50%)
Page 25
Page 25
Interference & Loading
• Receiver Interference Margin is the rise in the noise floor of the Node B
receiver due to the interfering WCDMA sources.
•
• It is used in the calculation of the received interference power.
I m  10  log 1  Load 

40% -> 2.2dB 50% ->
25.00 3.0dB
20.00
Im (dB)
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00%
Load Factor (% )

Page 26
Page 26
Cell Breathing on the Downlink
• The example below illustrates effect of loading on interference in DL.

Page 27
Page 27
Overlay Design Process
• Key differences between the WCDMA and GSM design approaches
• WCDMA is an interference limited system
• In WCDMA, coverage is a function of capacity and interference
• Network is planned for a multi service environment – different bearer rates and
performance targets
• Soft Capacity for WCDMA versus Hard Capacity for GSM
• In WCDMA, the DL power is shared by all active users and is a function of their
location in the cell and the number of users.

Page 28
Page 28
• Design goals for an overlay WCDMA network are:
• Minimize interference and maximize capacity
• Optimize soft handover regions to ensure continuity of coverage at a set load while
preserving network resources
• Minimize the occurrence of pilot pollution
• Design for a dominant server while minimizing the number of pilots above a set
threshold

Page 29
Page 29
Specific technology concepts towards WCDMA network planning
• Cell Breathing Considerations

Selected spread spectrum concepts that are being taken into consideration during WCDMA
• system
Pilottuning
Pollution
are:considerations
• Soft Handoff Considerations
• Interference Considerations
• Data Rate Considerations
• Mobile Transmit Power Considerations
• Traffic Distribution

Page 30
Page 30
Cell Breathing
Low Traffic Load
Mobile Can Operate
High Traffic Load

Effective Coverage Shrinks
Mobile Out of Coverage
Thus, planning site locations close to traffic centers is important in WCDMA.

Page 31
Page 31
Pilot Pollution
High Elevation
• Pilot Pollution can be a symptom of rapid changes in elevation or areas with very high elevations
as the RF power is more difficult to control
• Problem:
• Inadequate downtilt on the highest site causes an overshoot
• Inappropriate choice of antenna vertical beam and/or inadequate downtilt for the lowest sites
causes multiple pilot reception by the mobile
• Solution:
• The proper antenna type, orientation and downtilt

Page 32
Page 32
Neighbor List
• Optimized neighbor list is very important in UMTS system

• 40 to 60 percent DCR improves just by optimizing the neighbor list.
• Take input from following sources:
• UMTS RF Planning tool Pilot Ec/No UE released
• GSM neighbor list best server
• Missing neighbor report from GSM
• UMTS Pilot scanner data (when network is on Air)
cell not in active set
• Missing neighbor from drive test (e.g. TEMS, Agilent, etc.)
• If a good neighbor list is generated during planning stage it reduces lot
of work during optimization
• Length of neighbor list should be optimum (15 to 20). Two short
neighbor list will have missing neighbor and two long list will result in
truncated list (truncation can eliminate some important neighbors)
• Good neighbor definitions are essential
• A missing neighbor relation can lead to drop call

Page 33
Page 33
Typical Ranges in UMTS
Indoor with 95% area reliability (Range in Km)
Dense Urban Urban Sub-Urban Rural Open

12 kbps Speech 0.28 0.39 0.99 1.28 2.16
64 kbps RT Data 0.25 0.34 0.85 1.11 1.87
144 kbps NRT Data 0.29 0.40 1.00 1.30 2.19
384 kbps NRT Data 0.23 0.31 0.78 1.01 1.71
Outdoor with 95% area reliability (Range in Km)
Dense Urban Urban Sub-Urban Rural Open

12 kbps Speech 1.40 1.82 3.07 3.98 5.17
64 kbps RT Data 1.21 1.57 2.66 3.45 4.48
144 kbps NRT Data 1.42 1.84 3.10 4.03 5.24
384 kbps NRT Data 1.11 1.44 2.43 3.15 4.10

Page 34
Page 34
UMTS Coverage Range
 Last page Tables show that the coverage is strongly impacted by the
service to be provided.
 The range for speech is roughly comparable to 144 kbps data (NRT)
services.
 The range for 64 kbps RT data services is roughly comparable to 384 kbps
NRT data services.
 A diverse range of services can be provided on the same coverage areas

of 2nd generation networks.
 Coverage for highest bit rates supported by UMTS requires the deployment
of very small cells particularly in Dense urban and urban environments.

Page 35
Page 35
144 kbps Coverage/Capacity Tradeoff in Macro Cells

Page 36
Page 36
GSM Co-siting

Page 37
Page 37
UL Coverage of different Bit Rates

Page 38
Page 38
Capacity in Macro vs. Micro Environments

Page 39
Page 39
DL Transmit Diversity
 Asymmetric capacity requirements (higher for downlink than uplink).

 Receiver diversity more practical in base station than mobile (adds to
mobile’s complexity).
 Therefore, transmit diversity is used for downlink in UMTS.

Page 40
Page 40
DL Capacity Enhancement with TD

Page 41
Page 41
UL Loading

Page 42
Page 42
UL Loading and range

Page 43
Page 43
DL Loading

Page 44
Page 44
Iterative Dimensioning

Page 45
Page 45
Soft Handoff Overhead

Page 46
Page 46
Outline

 UMTS Coverage, Loading

Page 47
Page 47
Outline
 RSSI
 CPICH
 CPICH RSCP
 CIPCH EC/IO
 SIR
 Eb/No, RTWP & BLER

Page 48
Page 48
UMTS Measurements
In Radio Channel User

3.840 MHz Other User 1
Other User 2
Other User 3
Other cell Interference
Noise
Freq.
After De-spreading User

Other User 1
Other User 2
Other User 3
Noise
Freq.
Page 49
Page 49
UMTS Measurements (cont.)
RSSI – Received Signal Strength Indicator
In Radio Channel
3.840 MHz User
Other User 1
Other User 2
Other User 3
Noise
Freq.
 RSSI = UTRA carrier RSSI

 It is the wide band received power, including thermal noise and noise generated in the
receiver, within the bandwidth defined by the receiver pulse shaping filter.
 Also known as Received Total Wideband Power (RTWP).
 The reference point for the measurement is the antenna connector.
Page 50
Page 50
CPICH
 Primary Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) – Continuously transmitted DL physical channel.
 It is used to make signal level and quality measurements. It is the reference used by the UE to
make radio related decisions for:
 Cell Selection and Reselection including Inter-RAT Cell Reselection
 Soft (intra-frequency) and Hard (inter-frequency) Handover
 Hard (inter-RAT) Handover
CPICH
Other User 1
Other User 2
Other User 3
Noise
Freq.
 The power of Primary Common Pilot Channel is set to an absolute value per cell through the
primaryCpichPower parameter.
 All other downlink Physical Channels on the cell are set relative (dB) to the Primary Common
Pilot Channel.
Page 51
Page 51
CPICH RSCP
 The Primary Common Pilot Channel Received Signal Code Power, commonly
called “RSCP”, is simply the received power (dBm) of the Common Pilot Channel.
 First, the CPICH is simply a predefined Symbol

30kb/s signal (15ks/s using QPSK)
 Channelization, (spreading) happens next.

Each symbol is binary multiplied with each Chip x
of 256 chips to form the 3.84M chip/s
signal. Note: 256 is the Spreading Factor
for the CPICH. Chip =
 The power component results from
the amplitude of the spread signal.
 Scrambling is the last step. The spread signal is then scrambled by “Exclusive ORing” the
already spread signal with the primaryScramblingCode.
 At the receiver, the strength of the de-scrambled and de-spread signal is measured.
Page 52
Page 52
CPICH EC/NO
 The Primary Common Pilot Channel received Energy per Chip (EC) to Noise
(NO) ratio.
 EC/NO is our fundamental received signal quality measure.
 EC – Received energy per chip of the spread Primary Common Pilot Channel (CPICH).
 NO – Power density in the band (noise per chip duration).
Example:
 CPICH EC/NO = RSCP / RTWP
EC = -86dBm or 2.51x10-12 Watts
 RSCP is the power measured after de-spreading.
NO = -83dBm or 5.01x10-12 Watts
 Received wide band power including thermal noise
2.51x10-12 / 5.01x10-12 = 501.19-3
and noise generated in the receiver, within the 501.19-3 = -3dB Good quality!
receiver’s bandwidth.
EC = -86dBm or 2.51x10-12 Watts
NO = -70dBm or 100x10-12 Watts
2.51x10-12 / 100x10-12 = 25.12x10-3

25.12x10-3 = -16dB Bad quality !!!
Page 53
Page 53
SIR
 Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) is defined as: (RSCP / ISCP) x SF.
30 Kbps AMR 12.2 Kbps case

CPICH
Other User 1
Other User 2
Other User 3
Other cell Interference SIR
Noise
Freq.
 ISCP (Interference Signal Code Power) = interference from other cells + noise.
 The measurement is performed on the DPCCH of a Radio Link Set.
 SIR is used mainly as a quality metric to maintain appropriate power levels in UL and DL.
Page 54
Page 54
Eb/No
 Bit energy to noise ratio (Eb/No) is the measure of quality commonly used with
Physical Channels that carry User or Control Plane data.
 Eb/No is not typically used for physical channels such as the Common Pilot Channel
(CPICH) which only carries repetitive data
 Eb/No = Ec/No x Spreading Factor
 Used in RF Design per User Service
 Examples of User Service – Voice, Data, Multi-RAB
RTWP
 The Received Total Wideband Power (already introduced as RSSI).
 The RTWP is measured by the Node B.
 Sent in a System Information Message for use by the UE
 Used by the RNC to help make Call Admission decisions

Page 55
Page 55
BLER
 BLER is the Block Error Rate at the Transport Channel Layer
 CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No, Eb/No and SIR are all measurements of the
Physical Layer.
 The Transport Channel layer resides above the Physical Layer.
 At the Transport Layer, data from the Physical Layer is put into CRC encoded
Blocks. If a Block fails a CRC check, it is considered in error.
 BLER indicates the percentage of these Blocks in error.

Page 56
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Thank you!

Page 57
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UMTS Coverage Discussion

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UMTS Coverage

CNAC performance TEAM

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

 UMTS Planning Methodology

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Similarities and Differences with GSM

GSM UTRAN - FDD

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

UMTS Network Planning for

Uplink, Link Traffic Prediction HW Capacity

Total Req. Er.

Coverage Limited Yes C>D No Capacity Limited

 UMTS Planning Methodology

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

GSM-All RF Signals Received at

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Ec/No Ec/No Ec/No Ec/No Ec/No Ec/No

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• CPICH coverage is affected by

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NF Noise figure referenced to the receiver input

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WCDMA receiver sensitivity (Cont.)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

• Multi service, Multi rate system

Realistic WCDMA planning needs to consider traffic, power

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

• Different traffic loads would result in different interference levels

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Loaded Networks – 50%

Comparison based on:

Loaded WCDMA Network Loaded GSM Network Unloaded WCDMA Network

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WCDMA Loaded Networks (50%)

Calculation based on:

Unloaded WCDMA Network

Loaded WCDMA Network Loaded WCDMA Network

I m  10  log 1  Load 

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

• Key differences between the WCDMA and GSM design approaches

• WCDMA is an interference limited system

• In WCDMA, coverage is a function of capacity and interference

• Soft Capacity for WCDMA versus Hard Capacity for GSM

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

• Design goals for an overlay WCDMA network are:

• Minimize interference and maximize capacity

• Minimize the occurrence of pilot pollution

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential

Specific technology concepts towards WCDMA network planning

• Cell Breathing Considerations

• Soft Handoff Considerations

• Data Rate Considerations

• Mobile Transmit Power Considerations

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Huawei Confidential