CHAPTER #4

BENDING STRESS

 Introduction
 Simple bending theory
 Area of second moment
 Parallel axes theorem
 Deflection of composite beam
 Introduction-bending
– In Chapter 1 & 2, we studied how to
determine the stresses in prismatic members
subjected to axial loads /twisting couples
– This chapter we will analyse the stresses and
strains in prismatic members subjected to
bending
– This chapter devoted to the analysis of
prismatic members subjected to equal and
opposite couples M and M’ acting in the same
longitudinal plane
SIMPLE BENDING THEORY
 SIMPLE BENDING THEORY

• Neutral axis – axis along the length of the beam which remains unstressed when
it is bent
• Normally the neutral axis passes through centroid of the cross sectional area,
hence the position of the centroid is important
• Consider that the bea is bent into an arc circle through angle  radians
• AB is neutral axis and is the same length before and after the bending
• The radius of the neutral axis is R
Radius of curvature

Relationship between strain and Radius of curvature

Relationship between strain and Radius of curvature
Standard Section
 MOMENT

Fig 1.1 : Moment of Force Fig 1.2 : Moment of Mass Fig 1.3 : Moment of Area
 MOMENT
• Moment force
– concentrate at 1 point
– Easy to decide
• Moment of mass & area
– Not concentrated at 1 point
– Difficult to decide

– The point we may assume the mass

concentrated = Centre of Gravity (CoG)
– The point at which we assume area
concentrated = Centroid
 MOMENT
• Imagine 1 thin sheet
– Hence Centroid = CoG
– The point as one where you could balance the
thin of sheet on a sharp point and it would not
tip off in any direction
 1st Moment of AREA

Fig 2: 1st Moment of area

• Consider a flat area at some distance from an axis (fig 2)

• The centroid denoted = G
• Distance from axis s-s = y
• 1st moment of area about axis s-s is the product of area
A & distance
– 1st moment of area = Ay
• Hence, distance y = 1st moment of area / area
 Worked example 1
• Find the formula for the 1st moment of area for rectangle about its longer edge given
the dimensions are B & D

• Solution
• The centroid is at the middle of the rectangle & maybe found at the point where the 2
diagonal crossed. In other words it is the half way for either edge

• The distance from the long edge is D/2

• y= D/2
• A = BD
• 1st Moment of area = Ay = (BD) x (D/2) = BD2/2
 COMPLEX AREA

In order to find the 1st moment of area

of more complicated shape

1. Divide them into sections

2. Solve sections separately
3. Add them together
 Worked example 2
• Calculate the 1st moment of area for the shape shown about the axis s-s &
find position of the centroid.
Worked example 2-Complicated shape
 2nd MOMENT OF AREA
• If any quantity multiplied twice = 2nd moment
• Mass x distance twice = 2nd moment of
mass (Moment of inertia)
• Area x distance twice = 2nd moment of area
• Symbol for both confusingly (I)
 2nd MOMENT OF AREA
• This statement actually oversimplified
• Both mass and area are spread around and
neither exist at a point
• Cannot use position of centroid to calculate
2nd moment of area
• Squaring the distance has greater effect on
parts further from axis than those nearer to it
• The correct distance that give the correct
answer is called “RADIUS OF GYRATION”
 2nd MOMENT OF AREA (Cont.)
• Denoted as letter k ≠ y
• The simplest definition of the 2nd moment of
area, I = A k2
• Whilst std formula exist for calculating radius
of gyration of various simple shapes we
need to check the derivations from the first
principles
2nd MOMENT OF AREA (Cont.)
Work Example 3
Work Example 4
 PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM
• If we wish to know 2nd moment of area of a
shape about and axis parallel to the one
through the centroid(g-g), then the parallel
theorem states
Work Example 5

3
 Work Example 6
• Calculate the 2nd moment of area for the shaped below
Work Example 6