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COURSE OUTLINE
OVERVIEW
NONE DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
NDT LEVEL II
OVERVIEW
VISUAL AND OPTICAL TESTING
NDT LEVEL II
INTERPRETATION:
• For Interpretation: Interpreter must have a knowledge and consider the following:
o Product material and manufacturing process.
o Service of the product.
o Applicable technique & relevant optical aiding equipment's & inspection gauges.
o Adequate surface cleanliness & illumination.
o Possible source of false indication.
o Relevant potential discontinuities for each inspection stage & in service failures.
o Applicable documents (e.g. drawings), specifications, code & standard, acceptance &
rejection criteria.
NDT LEVEL II
INSPECTION STAGES:
• Before Process Inspection.
• During / In Process Inspection.
• After Process Inspection.
APPLICATIONS:
• Checking of the shape, surface condition & discontinuities of the components &
fabricated structures such as flat surfaces, airframes, piping, welds, castings, pressure
vessels, ships, bridges, & etc.
• Checking of alignment of mating surfaces.
• Checking for evidence of leaking.
NDT LEVEL II
FUNDAMENTALS
LIGHT AND LIGHTENING
NDT LEVEL II
LIGHT:
• In visual and optical testing, the probing medium is light.
• Visible light:
o Electromagnetic Wave.
o Wavelength between 380 to 770 nm.
o Excite the human retina.
• Emitted and absorbed in tiny "packets" called photons.
• Exhibits properties of both waves and particles.
NDT LEVEL II
LIGHT:
• Color of Light:
o Wavelength defines the color of light.
o A spectral color is monochromatic, consisting of entirely one
wavelength light.
o Most light sources are not monochromatic.
NDT LEVEL II
Incandescent Light:
• By thermal excitation of atoms or molecules.
• Sources are:
o Filament Lamps (e.g. Tungsten filament).
o Pyroluminescence (such as glow in furnaces or foundries).
o Gas Mantles.
o Carbon Arc Lamps.
Filament Lamp
NDT LEVEL II
Luminescent Light:
• By excitation of a single valence electron.
• More monochromatic in nature.
• Sources are:
o Gaseous Discharge Lamps.
o Lasers.
o Light Emitting Diodes (LED).
o Fluorescent Lamps.
Fluorescent Lamps. LED Flashlight
NDT LEVEL II
Coherent Light:
• Visible light with
o Same frequency
o Same wavelength
o Having no or constant phase difference (Phase coherence).
NDT LEVEL II
Purpose Of Lighting:
• To provide the adequate contrast for the detection of relevant objects
discontinuities.
Contrast:
• Property of difference between object and its background of either:
o Luminance or
o Color.
NDT LEVEL II
Flash Lights:
PHYSIOLOGY OF
VISION
NDT LEVEL II
PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION
T H E HUMAN EYE
Overview:
• Eye is the most common optical instrument during visual inspection test.
• Provides the following automatic adjustments for varying distances & light
intensities of different ranges.
o Easy vision adaption.
o Provide sharp vision.
• To detect all relevant indications, inspector eyesight should be adequate.
NDT LEVEL II
PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION
T H E HUMAN EYE
Overview:
• For adequate eyesight, periodic vision examinations are performed to verify:
o Visual Acuity.
o Depth Perception.
o Color Discrimination.
• An individual diagnosed with a deficiency, correctives lenses will be used
during any visual examination.
NDT LEVEL II
PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION
T H E HUMAN EYE
Near Vision Acuity:
• Near Sightedness when the eye lens focuses the light rays in front of the retina.
• As per SNT-TC-1A, natural or corrected near distance acuity in at least one eye capable of
reading the Jaeger Number 2 test chart or equivalent at a distance of not less than 30.5 cm
(12 in.) on standard jaeger chart.
• Administered annually.
Far Vision Acuity:
• Far Sightedness when the lens of the eye focuses light rays beyond the retina.
• It should be tested at 6 meter distance using charts with varying sizes of letters.
NDT LEVEL II
FACTORS AFFECTING
VISUAL TESTING
NDT LEVEL II
Surface Conditions:
• Cleanliness:
o During inspection, test object should be free from unwanted foreign material
such as dirt, oil, grease, and etc.
o Unclean surface can mask the discontinuities.
o False indication might be accepted with unclean surface.
o It helps to prevent the possibility of missed indications.
NDT LEVEL II
Surface Conditions:
• Color:
o The assessment of color is highly dependent on illumination sources and
perceptive abilities of the observer.
o Color of light can be used to increase the contrast by intensifying or
subduing the certain color.
o To intensify a color, a strong light should be used in that color.
o To subdue a color, a lighter light source should be used in that color.
o Color order system describes colors in terms of Hue, Value and Saturation.
NDT LEVEL II
Physical Condition:
• Specimen Condition:
Following can influence the condition of the item being inspected:
o Manufacturing process stages.
o Service environment.
o Applied surface coatings & paint.
o Processing imperfections that can mask the discontinuities.
NDT LEVEL II
Fatigue:
• Fatigue affects the
o Overall physical feeling of the inspector
o Reduces the efficiency and accuracy of the interpretation of the visual data.
• Fatigue of the eye muscles, caused by poor illumination and awkward body positions,
causes ineffective examinations.
Test Item Position:
• Inspection angle and distance with respect to test object,
• Position (elevated objects required additional suitable aid)
NDT LEVEL II
THANKS
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