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GEOLOGIC PROCESSES AND

HAZARDS
• A natural hazard is a threat of a
naturally occurring event and will have a
negative effect on humans. This
negative effect is what we called a
Natural disaster.
• Natural Hazards are the result of
naturally occurring processes that have
operated throughout Earth’s history.
Most hazardous process is also
Geologic Processes.
• Geologic processes effect every human
on Earth all of the time, but are most
noticeable when they cause loss of
property of life.
• Natural Hazards and Possible Disaster
a. Earthquakes f. Droughts
b. Volcanic eruptions g. Hurricanes
c. Tsunami h. Tornadoes
d. Landslides i. Asteroid Impact
e. Floods
• All of these processes have been
operating throughout the Earth history,
but the processes become hazardous
only because they negatively affect
human being. There would be no
natural disaster if it were not for
humans. Without humans these are
only natural events.
Geophysical Risk Maps
• Risk is characteristic of the relationship
between humans and geologic process.
• We all take risk everyday.
• The risk from natural hazards, while it
cannot be eliminated, can, in some
cases be understood in such a way that
we can minimize the hazards to human.
Risk to Earthquake
• Since 1968, PHIVOLCS has recorded
12 destructive Earthquakes in the
Philippines.
• July 16, 1990= 1,100 deaths
• Seismicity is geographic and historical
distribution of Earthquake events
- all over the country except in
Palawan Region.
Top 10 provinces that are risk to Earthquake.

1. Surigao del Sur 6. Tarlac


2. La Union 7. Ifugao
3. Benguet 8. Davao Oriental
4. Pangasinan 9. Nueva Ecija
5. Pampanga 10. Nueva Vizcaya
Top 10 provinces that are risk to
Earthquake- induced shallow landslide.

1. Ifugao 6. Bukidnon
2. Lanao del Sur 7. Aurora
3. Benguet 8. Davao del Sur
4. Saranggani 9. Davao Oriental
5. Mountain Province 10. Rizal
Risk to Volcanic Eruptions
• Philippines lies within the Ring of Fire, a
region of subduction zone volcanism
surrounding the Pacific ocean.
• 1991- Mt. Pinatubo eruption was well-
known to be the most violent eruption in
the 20th century.
• Philippines- 22 active volcanoes
distributed all over the archipelago.
Risk to Tsunamis
• November 14, 1994
- a 7.1 magnitude Earthquake in
Mindoro triggered a tsunami that left at
least 41 persons dead mostly children
and old people.
Top 10 provinces that are risk to Tsunamis

1. Sulu 6. Romblon
2. Tawi- tawi 7. Siquijor
3. Basilan 8. Surigao del Norte
4. Batanes 9. Camiguin
5. Guimaras 10. Masbate
Hydrometeorological
Phenomena and Hazards
FLOOD is a major natural hazard in the Pacific-
region.
-loss of top soil which affects fertility of
the land.
Bangladesh- floodprone country in the region
- 130, 000 deaths on April 1991
caused by tropical storms.
China- summer floods on 1998 resulted in
material damage costing 30 Billion US dollar.
Floods can be generally classified into 5 types:

1. Coastal Floods- fierce winds in tropical storms


can drive ocean water onto low- lying coastal land.
Coastal inundation can also be produced by
tsunamis that are created by submarine
earthquakes, landslides and volcanic eruptions.
2. Flash Floods- normally dry creek beds found on
semi- arid areas can quickly become powerful
fast- flowing torrents during storms.
3. River Floods- flooding along river margins is a
natural event.
4. Urban Floods- as urban land is developed and
paved, it loses its ability to absorb rainfall. Intense
rainstorms, rainwater quickly becomes run off.
Inadequate man made drainage culverts may
overflow flood and flood low- lying urban
settlements.
5. Cloud burst- sudden copious rainfall in
geographically small areas can cause floods.
Flood Prevention and
Mitigation
1. Educate communities, families and individuals
on the potential hazards and actions necessary
to ensure safety on the events of a hazard
warning.
2. Mitigation research focusing on the
identification of vulnerable areas and better
enforcement of building codes, construction
regulations and evacuation procedures.
3. Training, education and establishment of
coordinated action plans involving all partners
(National Meteorological Services, emergency services, military,
international NGOs, Red Cross, Red Crescent Societies)

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