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Comprehensive Overview of
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
Presented by
Mark N. Lewellen
http://www.aticourses.com/unmanned_aircraft_systems.html
http://www.aticourses.com/schedule.htm
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Predator “Cockpit”
UAS vs. Manned Aircraft
• Remotely piloted vehicles will never fully replace manned aircraft
• They can perform an increasingly sophisticated array of missions due to
their small size and decreased radar, acoustical, and infrared signatures.
• To wholly replace man would be expensive and technically risky.
• UAS should be only considered for certain types of missions for which it
can be a cost effective (dirty, dull and dangerous)
• The absence of an aircrew means that a great deal of space and weight can
be saved.
• With a continuing trend of miniaturization in electronics and other
components, the RPV can be made much smaller and cheaper
• Size largely determined by the size of the payload,
• Could be a sophisticated electronics package or weapons system
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UAV classification
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Raven
Mission
The RQ-11 Raven Small Unmanned Aircraft
System is a small man-portable UAS that
performs reconnaissance, surveillance, and target
acquisition missions for Air Force Special
Operations Command Battlefield Airmen and
Air Force security forces.
Features
The Raven back-packable UAS features two air
vehicles or AVs, a ground control unit, remote
video terminal, transit cases and support
equipment. Two specially trained Airmen operate
the Raven AV. The AV can be controlled
manually or can autonomously navigate a
preplanned route. General Characteristics
Primary Function: Situational awareness and direct target information
The Raven includes a color electro-optical Contractor: Aerovironment, Inc.
camera and an infrared camera for night Power Plant: Electric Motor, rechargeable lithium ion batteries
operations. The air vehicle is hand-launched, Wingspan: 4.5 feet (1.37 meters)
weighs less than 5 pounds, has a range of 10-15 Weight: 4.2 lbs (1.9 kilograms)
kilometers and an endurance of up to 80 Weight (ground control unit): 17 lbs (7.7 kilograms)
minutes. Speed: 30-60 mph (26-52 knots)
Background Range: 8-12 km (4.9-7.45 miles)
The Raven system has proven itself in combat Endurance: 60-90 minutes
supporting U.S. operations in Iraq and Operating Altitude: 150-500 feet air ground level (45-152 meters)
Afghanistan, and other areas of conflict. The System Cost: approximately $173,000 (2004 dollars)
Raven is now used by all of the military services. Payload: High resolution, day/night camera and thermal imager
Air Force security forces are currently Date deployed: 2004
purchasing the Raven UAS to replace its aging Inventory: Classified
Desert Hawk UAS. 7
Shadow
• The Shadow 200 is a small, lightweight, tactical
UAV system. The system is comprised of air
vehicles, modular mission payloads, ground
control stations, launch and recovery equipment.
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Global Hawk
Mission
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Some Possible Global Hawk Frequency Bands
• 112.7 - 117.9 MHz • 2.3 - 2.4 GHz
• 118 - 136 MHz • 4.2 - 4.4 GHz
• 225 - 400 MHz • 5.4 - 5.9 GHz
• 1030 - 1090 MHz • 8.4 - 9.0 GHz
• 1217 - 1235 MHz (L2) • 9.75 - 9.95 GHz
• 1530 - 1559 MHz • 10.015 – 10.425 GHz
• 1565 - 1585 MHz (L1) • 10.95 – 12.75 GHz
• 1626 – 1660.5 MHz • 14.0 - 14.5 GHz
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Agenda Item 1.3
WRC-2011
• AI 1.3 to consider spectrum requirements
and possible regulatory actions, including
allocations, in order to support the safe
operation of unmanned aircraft systems
(UAS), based on the results of ITU R studies,
in accordance with Resolution 421 (WRC 07)
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Resolution 421
resolves
• that WRC-11 consider, based on the results of ITU-R
studies:
– 1 the spectrum requirements and possible regulatory
actions, including additional allocations, to support the
remote pilot in commanding and controlling the unmanned
aircraft systems and in relaying the air traffic control
communications, as mentioned in considering c);
– 2 the spectrum requirements and possible regulatory
actions, including additional allocations, to support the safe
operation of unmanned aircraft systems not covered by
resolves 1, as mentioned in considering d),
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ITU Work Underway
• Data Rate for Single UAV
• Operational Scenarios to derive
density (# aircraft/sq km)
• Aggregate Bandwidth to support the
expected population
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Spectrum Issues
• FAA will mandate “Protected” aeronautical frequency
allocations for control of civil UAS
• “Protected” in a regulatory sense, as found in the International
Radio Regulations (RR), RR 4.10 and 43.1:
– RR 4.10 - Member States recognize that the safety aspects of
radionavigation and other safety services require special measures to
ensure their freedom from harmful interference; it is necessary
therefore to take this factor into account in the assignment and use of
frequencies.
– RR 43.1 - Frequencies in any band allocated to the aeronautical mobile
(R) service (AM(R)S) and the aeronautical mobile-satellite (R) service
(AMS(R)S) are reserved for communications relating to safety and
regularity of flight between any aircraft and those aeronautical stations
and aeronautical earth stations primarily concerned with flight along
national or international civil air routes.
– (R) means “route” and gains added interference protection
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QUESTIONS?
Contact me at:
MarkL1962@comcast.net
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