Section Outline

Section 10-1

10–1 Cell Growth

A. Limits to Cell Growth
1. DNA “Overload”
2. Exchanging Materials
3. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
4. Cell Division

Cell Division

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Section:
 Limits to Cell Growth

1. Why do cells need to divide?

a. Too much demand on its DNA (DNA overload)
As it grows it doesn’t make extra DNA (question #2)
Analogy (one library in Chicago)
b. Exchanging materials (food and oxygen in) (wastes out)

mito

waste oxygen

waste oxygen
 Ratio of Surface Area to Volume in
Cells
Section 10-1

Cell Size

Surface Area
(length x width x 6)
Volume
(length x width x height)
Ratio of Surface Area
to Volume

3. A cell’s volumes determines the rate at which food is used and wastes
produces

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Section:
 Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Surface Area = 600

Volume = 1000
SA/Vol =6:10 or 3:5
10

10

10
6. As the cell grows its volume increases
much more rapidly than its surface area, therefore…

7. a. The surface area to volume ratio decreases

 Cell Division

Cell Division

8. Cell division is the process by which a cell

divides into “daughter cells”
9. Reduces the volume and increases overall surface area
 Section Outline

Section 10-2

10–2 Cell Division

A. Chromosomes
B. The Cell Cycle
C. Events of the Cell Cycle
D. Mitosis
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
E. Cytokinesis

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Section:
 Chromosomes

Chromosomes – Made up of DNA (carries genetic material)

• Must be copied before cells can divide
1. True – not visible prior to cell division

2. Before cell division chromosomes become visible. Consists of two

identical sister chromatids (copied chromosomes)

chromosome

3. Sister chromatids
 Figure 10–4 The Cell Cycle

Section 10-2
4. Period of growth in between
cell divisions

9. Cell do most of their growing

making proteins
G1 phase (grow)

M phase
10. Chromosomes copied (DNA)

S phase
(synthesis)

7. Division of cell
G2 phase
nucleus during M phase 11. Organelles required
for M phase produced

5. Cell cycle is series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
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Section:
 Concept Map

Section 10-2

Cell Cycle

includes
(Cell Division)

Mitosis Cytokinesis
Interphase

is divided into is divided into

G1 phase S phase G2 phase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

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Section:
 Onion Root Tip

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__mitosis_and_cytokinesis.html
 Mitosis – Dividing of Cell Nucleus

12. Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Key terms:
13. Centrioles - structures that make spindle fibers
14. Spindle fibers – structure responsible for separating
chromatids
 Spindle fibers

Prophase (key events)

16. Chromosomes become visible
Nucleus begins to disappear
centrioles
spindle fibers are formed from
centrioles
Metaphase
19. The chromosomes line up across
the center of the cell (moving along
spindle fibers)
Anaphase
15. Chromosomes pulled apart (sister
chromatids) until they form two groups
near the “poles” of the spindle
Telophase
17. The nucleus begins to reform around
each cluster of chromosomes

Cytokinesis – Division of cytoplasm.

Cell membrane or Cell plate is
formed in between nuclei
 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and
Cytokinesis
Section 10-2

Spindle
forming
Centrioles

Nuclear Chromatin Centromere Centriole

Chromosomes
envelope
(paired chromatids)
Interphase Prophase Spindle

Cytokinesis Centriole

Individual Metaphase
Telophase chromosomes

Nuclear Anaphase
envelope
reforming

Go to
Section:
 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and
Cytokinesis
Section 10-2

Spindle
forming
Centrioles

Nuclear Chromatin Centromere Centriole

Chromosomes
envelope
(paired chromatids)
Interphase Prophase Spindle

Cytokinesis Centriole

Individual Metaphase
Telophase chromosomes

Nuclear Anaphase
envelope
reforming

Go to
Section:
 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and
Cytokinesis
Section 10-2

Spindle
forming
Centrioles

Nuclear Chromatin Centromere Centriole

Chromosomes
envelope
(paired chromatids)
Interphase Prophase Spindle

Cytokinesis Centriole

Individual Metaphase
Telophase chromosomes

Nuclear Anaphase
envelope
reforming

Go to
Section:
 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and
Cytokinesis
Section 10-2

Spindle
forming
Centrioles

Nuclear Chromatin Centromere Centriole

Chromosomes
envelope
(paired chromatids)
Interphase Prophase Spindle

Cytokinesis Centriole

Individual Metaphase
Telophase chromosomes

Nuclear Anaphase
envelope
reforming

Go to
Section:
 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and
Cytokinesis
Section 10-2

Spindle
forming
Centrioles

Nuclear Chromatin Centromere Centriole

Chromosomes
envelope
(paired chromatids)
Interphase Prophase Spindle

Cytokinesis Centriole

Individual Metaphase
Telophase chromosomes

Nuclear Anaphase
envelope
reforming

Go to
Section:
 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and
Cytokinesis
Section 10-2

Spindle
forming
Centrioles

Nuclear Chromatin Centromere Centriole

Chromosomes
envelope
(paired chromatids)
Interphase Prophase Spindle

Cytokinesis Centriole

Individual Metaphase
Telophase chromosomes

Nuclear Anaphase
envelope
reforming

Cell Division

Go to
Section:
 Understanding Chromosomes in
Humans
Section 11-4

Chromosomes in Human Cells

How Many Chromosomes?
Normal human body cells each contain 46 chromosomes. The cell division
process that body cells undergo is called mitosis and produces daughter
cells that are virtually identical to the parent cell.

46

46 mitosis

46

Go to
Section:
 Understanding Chromosomes in
Humans

Chromosomes in Human Cells

Where did we get our chromosomes?

• From our parents

How many did you get from your father?

• typically 23

How many did you get from your mother?

• typically 23

We often say that you got a set of chromosomes (23) from your mother
and a set of chromosomes (23) from your father.
 Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes in Human Cells

The set from your mother and the set from your father are called
homologous chromosomes!

Why are they called homologous?

• Because each set contains the same (homo) basic genetic information.
 Homologous Chromosomes

Blue eye Brown eye

gene gene

From Dad
From Mom

Blonde Brown hair gene

hair gene
 Human cell with all its chromosomes

Human cell

cytoplasm

nucleus
 Introduction to Meiosis

Meiosis
• Process by which sex cells (gametes) are formed
sperm cells or pollen cells (male cells)
egg cells (female cells)

• Cell division of sex cells whereby, homologous chromosomes are

separated
 mitosis

Zygote (2n)
46

fertilization
Diploid Diploid
46 2n 46
2n

Meiosis
Meiosis
23 23
23 23
Haploid Haploid sperm
eggs 1n 1n
Meiosis I
 Crossing over during prophase I adds to genetic variaility

A = blonde hair a = brown hair

C = blue eyes c = brown eyes
Meiosis II
Polar Bodies
 Genetic Variablity

Sexual Reproduction increases genetic variability by

1. Crossing over of sister chromatids during prophase I
2. Independent assortment during metaphase I
3. Random Fertilization