Introduction to Digital Image

Processing

Dr. Akriti Nigam

Assistant Professor
BIT- Mesra

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 Introduction

“One picture is worth more than ten thousand

words”

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Course Outcomes: On completion of the course the students are expected to-
• Apply the concepts of sampling, quantization in the context of digital
images. They should also be able to measure pixel distances and evaluate
neighbourhood properties in an image.
• Represent an image in spatial and frequency domains and transform from
one to the other. The student should acquire the requisite mathematical
knowledge to perform the transform.
• Understand the statistical tools used in image enhancement, perform
spatial transforms, design masks for enhancing images and apply them in
efficient ways.
• Differentiate between constrained and unconstrained restoration, develop
the mathematical model for restoring images and solve the models for
special cases.
• Calculate mathematical parameters related to compression, understand
lossy and non lossy compression and compute evaluation criterion for
compression methods.

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• Text Book:
– Rafael. C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods.- Digital
Image Processing, 3/e Pearson Education.
• Reference Books:
– W.K.Pratt.-Digital Image Processing ,3/e Edn., John
Wiley & sons, Inc. 2006
– M. Sonka et.al Image Processing, Analysis and
Machine Vision, 2/e, Thomson, Learning, India
Edition, 2007.

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 What is a Digital Image?
A digital image is a representation of a two-
dimensional image as a finite set of digital
values, called picture elements or pixels

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 What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
Pixel values typically represent gray levels,
colors, heights, opacities etc
•digitization implies that a digital image is an
approximation of a real scene
1 pixel

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 What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
Common image formats include:
– 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
– 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
– 4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and “Alpha”, a.k.a.
Opacity)

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 What is Digital Image Processing?
Digital image processing focuses on two major
tasks
– Improvement of pictorial information for human
interpretation
– Processing of image data for storage, transmission
and representation for Autonomous machine
perception

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 What is DIP? (cont…)
The continuum from image processing to
computer vision can be broken up into low-,
mid- and high-level processes
Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process
Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: Object Examples: Scene
removal, image recognition, understanding,
sharpening segmentation autonomous navigation

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 Medical Imagery
Medical imaging refers to
diagnosing, monitoring, or treating
medical conditions in a human
body.
Each type of technology gives
different information about the area Image of Retina

of the body being studied or

treated, related to possible disease,
injury, or the effectiveness of
medical treatment.

Processed retina
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image
 Medical Imagery
• X-rays are a type of radiation, and when they pass
through the body, dense objects such as bone block
the radiation and appear white on the x-ray film,
while less dense tissues appear gray and are difficult
to see.
• X-rays are typically used to diagnose and assess bone
degeneration or disease, fractures and dislocations,
infections, or tumors.

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 Medical Imagery
• MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging, combines a
powerful magnet with radio waves (instead of x-rays)
and a computer to manipulate these magnetic
elements and create highly detailed images of
structures in the body.
• Images are viewed as cross sections or "slices" of the
body part being scanned. There is no radiation
involved as with x-rays.
• MRI scans are frequently used to diagnose bone and
joint problems.
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 Medical Imagery
CT Scan- A computed tomography (CT) scan (also
known as CAT scan) is similar to an MRI in the detail
and quality of image it produces, yet the CT scan is
actually a sophisticated, powerful x-ray that takes
360-degree pictures of internal organs, spine, and
vertebrae.

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 Satellite Imaging
Satellite imagery consists of photographs
of Earth or other planets made by means
of artificial satellites.

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 Image Forensics
• Editing, adding or removing important features
from an image without leaving any obvious
traces of tampering.
• Data Removal.
• Data Replacement.
• Data Replication.

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 Examples: Image Enhancement
One of the most common uses of DIP
techniques: improve quality, remove noise etc

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 Examples: Industrial Inspection
•Human operators are
expensive, slow and
unreliable
•Make machines do the
job instead
•Industrial vision systems
are used in all kinds of
industries

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 Examples: PCB Inspection
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
Machine inspection is used to determine that all
components are present and that all solder
joints are acceptable

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 Examples: Law Enforcement
Image processing
techniques are used
extensively by law
enforcers
– Number plate
recognition for speed
cameras/automated toll
systems
– Fingerprint recognition
– Enhancement of CCTV
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images 19
 Examples: HCI
Try to make human computer
interfaces more natural
– Face recognition
– Gesture recognition
Does anyone remember the
user interface from “Minority
Report”?
These tasks can be extremely difficult

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Components of a Image Processing
System

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 Elements of Visual Perception

• Structure
of the
human eye

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• Rods and cones in the retina

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 Image Sensing and Acquisition

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• Image acquisition using a single sensor

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• Using
sensor
strips

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• A simple
image
formation
model

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

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• Sampling and
quantization

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• To acquire digital images from the continuous sensed
data f(x, y):
– Digitization in coordinate values: Sampling
– Digitization in amplitude values: Quantization.
• The resulting image has M rows and N columns as

 f (0,0) f (0,1) f (0, N  1) 

 f (1,0) f (1,1) f (1, N  1) 

f ( x, y )   
 
 
 f ( M  1,0) f ( M  1,1) f ( M  1, N  1)

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  The digitization process requires to determine
the M, N, and L.
 M and N: spatial resolution
 L: gray-level resolution
L = 2k. L = gray-level
 Dynamic range: the range of values spanned
by the gray scale, [Lmin, Lmax].
 High dynamic range = high contrast image
 The number of bits required to store the
image
b = M  N  k or
b = N2  k
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Aquisition
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Enhancement
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Restoration
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Morphological Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Segmentation
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Object Recognition
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Representation & Description
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Compression
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Colour Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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