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Categories of
Health Services
Objectives
After studying this chapter the student should be able to:
• Describe the healthcare functions of private and public
facilities, inpatient and outpatient services, military
facilities, and volunteer facilities.
• Identify the four major types of health services and
their functions.
• Compare the functions of the two major providers
of managed care.
• Name the major points of the Patient’s Bill of Rights.
• Describe public health, hospital, ambulatory, and
mental health services.
Overview Of The U.S. Healthcare
System
• The federal government provides very few direct health
services (left up to private sector and state)
– Veterans’ health (VA)
– Military hospitals and clinics
– Indian Health Service (IHS) – native population
(note: Federal gov. monitors and contributes to
Medicare/Medicaid)
• The healthcare industry is a complex system of
diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive services.
• Hospitals, clinics, government and volunteer agencies,
pharmaceutical and medical equipment manufacturers,
and private insurance companies provide these services.
Overview Of The U.S. Healthcare
System
• The healthcare system offers four broad
types of services:
– health promotion
– disease prevention
– diagnosis and treatment
– rehabilitation.
Overview Of The U.S. Healthcare
System
• Health promotion services
– teach people how to reduce risk of illness, maintain optimal
function, follow healthy lifestyles
– i.e. hospital prenatal classes, heart health classes offered in
community
• Illness (disease) prevention services
– educational effort to involve consumer in their own care;
teach about risk factors, how environment impacts health,
occupational safety, etc.
Overview Of The U.S. Healthcare
System
• Diagnosis and treatment
– most used service; waiting until you are ill
– advances in this have increased cost of health care
• Rehabilitation
– restoration of a person to “normal” or near normal
function after physical or mental illness
– long process
– chronic disability may require extra assistance.
Healthcare Facilities
A wide variety of healthcare facilities are now
available. The range includes:
•Inpatient Facilities (hospitals, etc. private or public)
•Outpatient Facilities
•Community-based Facilities (defined clientele)
•Voluntary Facilities
•The National Association of Free Clinics (NAFC)
•Government Facilities
•Institutional Facilities
•Comprehensive health maintenance agencies
Categorization of Hospitals
• 1. Function or type of service provided
– i.e. cardiovascular, cancer, etc.
• 2. Length of stay:
– short term: ave 5 day
– long term: ave 4-6 months
• 3. Ownership or source of financial support –
private, public
– public, private, voluntary, religious
Hospitals: Funding
• Private/proprietary – owned by churches,
businesses, physicians, etc.; typically for profit
• Public – owned by a government agency (local, state
or federal agencies); typically non-profit
• Federally owned usually serve: military/veterans, Native
American
• State funded/operated – typically long term care, like mental
institutions
• Voluntary – typically religious affiliation; non-profit
• Community – independent, citizen owned; non-profit
Hospitals: Development and Services
• The hospital is the key resource and center of the
U.S. healthcare system (3rd largest business in U.S.)
• Hospitals not only deliver primary patient care, but also
train health personnel, conduct research, and
disseminate information to consumers.
• They employ approximately 75% of healthcare
personnel, with a collective payroll that accounts for at
least 40% of the nation’s health expenditures.
• Approximately 60% of federal health monies and 40%
of all state and local health monies go to hospitals.
Hospitals: Development and Services
The major forces affecting the development of hospitals
include the following:
• 1. Advances in medical science, most notably the
discovery of antiseptic techniques and sterilization
processes and the use of anesthesia.
• 2. Advances in medical education, with predominant
use of scientific theory and standardization of academic
training for physicians.
• 3. Transformation of nursing into a profession
• 4. Development of specialized technology (i.e. imaging,
blood testing, etc. )
Hospitals: Development and Services