•Objectives of this chapter:

In order to accomplish the intentions of this chapter,

you should be able to:
1. Compare the educational systems of selected countries of
the world.
2. Describe multi-cultural education and the role of the
teacher in addressing diversity among learners.
3. Identify opportunities provided by exchange programs in
the development of world-class teacher.
4. Describe various educational technologies utilized in
innovative teaching strategies for global teaching.
5. Reflect on the qualities and responsibilities of a global
teacher.
---Conrado de Quiroz
a. Wider range of knowledge of various educational
systems outside the country.

b. Master skills and competencies which can address

global demands.

b. Posses attitudes and values that are

acceptable to multicultural communities.
 Educational System
• The system of formalized
transmission of knowledge and
values operating within a given
society
1. Learning to Know
2. Learning to Do
3. Learning to Be
4. Learning to Live Together
5. Learning to Transform
- Called by many as the last Paradise on Earth,
has high quality education system

- Many student all over the world go to Australia

to Study.

- Educational System is Similar to Canada and

England.
- Most students enrolled in government schools
which operate under the direct responsibility of
the state or Territory Education Ministry.

- Federal Government provides supplementary

financial support
• Primary School : 6 years
--6 yrs old to 12 years old
• Secondary School : 6 years
a. Junior HS – year 7 to year 10 (Compulsory)
- Vocational, Technical and Further Education (TEFE)

b. Senior HS – year 11 to year 12 (Not Compulsory)

- Students who intend to go college continue year 11 and year 12.

• College or University : 3 to 6 Years

• AY begins from March to November. Long vacation: Dec1 to Feb28;

English is the language ofinstruction.
 The Entry age of compulsory education is 6
years old and exit age, 15 years old.

 A Junior Secondary Certificate of Education

(Year 10 Certificate) is awarded.

 A Senior Secondary Certificate of Education

(Year 12 Certificate) is awarded at the end
of the senior secondary level.
• MAIN PURPOSE OFAUSTRALIAN HIGHER EDUCATION:

1. To enable individuals to develop their capabilities for

effective participation in the work force, for constructive
contribution to society and for personal growth and
fulfillment;

2. To advance knowledge and understanding;

3. Aid the application of knowledge and understanding for

the benefit of the economy and the society;
MAIN PURPOSE OFAUSTRALIAN HIGHER EDUCATION:

4. Enable individuals to adapt and learn, consistent

with the needs of an adaptable knowledge-based
economy at the local, regional and national levels;

5. Contribute to democratic civilized society.

Requirement: Senior Secondary Certificate of Education

a. Arts, Sciences, Commerce – 3 years (Pass)

b. Education, Engineering – 4 years(Honors)
c. Veterinary Science, Dentistry, Architecture – 5 years
d. Medicine and Surgery – 6 years

a. Masters Degree (1 to 2 years)

b. Doctorate Degree (Ph.D., higher doctorate in science or
DSsc, or Humanities or DLitt)
Requirement: Senior Secondary Certificate of Education
o A graduate with bachelor’s degree can proceed to 1-
year to 2-year post graduate course leading to a
postgraduate diploma.
o A student who qualified for a bachelors degree (Honors)
may proceed to a Master’s Degree.
o This degree may be obtain after one year (pass degree)
or two years (honors degree).
Requirement: Senior Secondary Certificate of Education

o A student who has qualified for a bachelor’s degree

(Honors) may proceed to study for a doctorate.
 The largest educational system of
the world. The educational system is
highly centralized.
 with over 200 million students
attending public schools

 Taught by over 9 million teachers in

the elementary, junior and senior high
schools.
 Course syllabi
are written by scientists
and professors hired by National
Educational Commission.

 Subject matter and instructional

contents are uniform for all.
 Education was used as vital
tool for centralization and
unification of the country.
Primary School (6 years)
 devoted to development of cognitive skill
Secondary School (6 years)
- Students have to cover all topics in order to pass
national examination.
 Junior Middle School (3 years)
 Senior Middle School (3 years)
College/University (6 years)
Varieties of Technical and Vocational Schools
Problems: Elitism to social alienation.
Class Size Ranges from 40 to 60 Student.
• Highly centralized and administered by the
Mombusho or Ministry of Education

• Japanese Educational System Serves as model

on how to operate schools.

• System gives a mental picture of obedient,

quite school children sitting on their desks,
listening to the teacher and working hard to
pass the various entrance examinations.
1. Kindergarten
2. Elementary (six years)
Secondary : 3. Lower Secondary School (3 years); and
4. Upper Secondary School (3 years)
5. University (usually 4 years)
• Education is free and compulsory for children 6 to 15 years.
• Preschools (Yochien): with female teachers and are not
official part of the educational system.
• Classes are large; lecture is the usual teaching methods.

• No. of days: 243 days (year-round with some breaks

between session)
• Standard Curriculum includes Japanese Langauge, Social
Studies, Math and Science along with Art, Music, HE, PE.
(emphasis has been given to learning the Japanese
Language)
• Lower Secondary Schools: Grade 7, 8 & 9.
• Men compose two-thirds of the teachers in this level.
• Class size average: 38 students
• Duration: 50 minutes long

• Upper Secondary Schools offer academic, technical, and

vocational programs.

• First year courses: Japanese Language, English, Science and

Math. Vocational courses includes Information Processing,
Navigation, Fish Farming, Ceramics, and Business English.
• Upper Secondary Schools are ranked based on their success
in placing graduating students into prestigious universities.
• Junior Colleges (Women): HE, Nursing, Teaching, Humanities
and Social Science.
• Private institutions make up 80% of university enrolments
although public schools have more prestige.
• Placement exams: NAT& College/University Entrance Test

• Ronin (Samurai) is a student who fail the test (NAT/CET) and

subject to take another year to study and prepare to take the
test again.
• Masters degree (Only 7% of university graduate)
• Doctoral degree: Medical programs and Humanities.

• If you do well in exams, you will get into good

schools/universities & automatically into a good life-time job.
 Their Constitution guarantees equal access to
basic education.
 Values and Principles:
a. Equity and redress
b. Access to basic education
c. Opportunities for lifelong learning
d. Quality in terms of providing learners with learning
acceptable standards.
e. Efficiency
f. Democratic participation
g. Sustainability of development and relevance of education.
• Formal education categorize into sectors or levels.
• Sectors:
a. Public ordinary schools education
b. Independent school education
c. Special school education
d. Technical college education
e. Teacher training
f. Technikon
g. University training
• Formal education categorize into sectors or levels.
A public school may be a regular public school or a public
school for learners with special educational needs.

• Levels:
a. Pre-primary
b. Primary
c. Secondary
d. Higher education
 • General Education and Training (GET) covers the reception
year (Grade R to IX); corresponds to level I of the National
Qualifications Framework (NQF) and divided into 3 phases.

• Phases:
a. Foundation (Grade R toIII)
b. Intermediate (Grade IV to VI)
c. Senior Grades (Grade VII toIX)

• As a rule, children start primary education at the age

of 7
• Primary Education:
a. Junior Primary (Grades I to III)
b. Senior Primary (Grades IV toVI)
c. Grades VII to IX is the last stage of compulsory education
and will lead to General Education and TrainingCertificate

• Further Education Training (FET) or Senior Secondary

Education (Grades Xto XII) is not compulsory

• At the end of Grade VII, students sit a public examination

leading to senior certificate.

• Technical Secondary Education (lasts for 3 years)

offered technical centers, HS & vocationalschools.
• Eight Learning Areas that form the basis of all basic
education up to the Further EducationTrainingCertificate
a. Language, Literacy and Communication
b. Mathematical Literacy, Mathematics and Mathematical
Science
c. Natural Science
d. Technology
e. Human and Social Science
f. Economics and Management Science
g. Arts and Culture
h. Life Orientation
• Tertiary and Higher Education correspond to Level Vto VIII
of National Qualification Framework (NQF)which is more
advanced than the Seniorcertificate.
• Institutions:
a. Colleges
b. Technikons
c. Universities

• Most colleges of education offer a 3-year programme

leading to the Diploma in Education (4-year for higher
diplomas)
• Nursing Colleges and Hospital Schools of Nursing offer 4-
year course leading to a diploma.
• Agricultural Colleges offer 1-year certificate, 2-year higher
certificate and 3-year diploma courses.

• Technikons also offer bachelor’s, master’s (4-year course)

and doctoral degree programmes in technology.

• Master’s degrees (Magister Technologiae) require a

minimum of 1-year of study.
• Doctorates (Laureatus in Technology/Doctor of Technology)
require 2-year of study.

• Honor degree require one additional year of study

• School year consists of 196 school days (41 weeks) which is
divided into 4 terms.

• Other relevant sectors:

a. Special education

b. Private education or independent schools

c. Adult and non-formal education

d. HIV/AIDS education
• Education is compulsory for children ages 5 to 16.
• In the primary school, the subjects are taught by the same
teacher for a year before moving to a the next grade level on
the next year.

• It is mandatory for all state schools to provide a balanced,

broadly based curriculum which promotes spiritual, moral,
cultural, mental and physical development which prepares
them for opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of
adult life.
• It includes religious education
• It also includes sex and career education for secondary
students.

• All schools whether private or state choose to follow

the national curriculum.
• The National Curriculum core subjects include English,
Mathematics, and Science
• Stages:
a. Foundational Stage—this is included in the National Curriculum
which covers children aged 3 – 5 years but does not have a
strong mandate as to what needs to happen during these years
of schooling as it is not yet mandatory.
b. Key Stage One*—it includes children aged 5 – 7 years and year
groups grades 1 – 2. It mandates core subjects including
English, Mathematics and Science, and non-core foundation
subjects as design/technology, history, art/design, music and
physical education.

• * other statutory areas are religious education (format decided by Local

Education Authorities or by the faith in which the schoolwas founded)
• Stages:
c. Key Stage Two—it includes children aged 7 to 11 and year
groups 3 - 6. It mandates the same core and non-core
foundational subjects, with more emphasis on more
difficult topics and the addition of sexeducation.
d. Key Stage Three—it includes children aged 11– 14 years
and year groups grades 7– 9. It mandates the same
basics in Key Stages One and Two but adds foreign
language, and information/Communication Technology to
the mix while adding appropriate difficulty to the core
subjects.
• Stages:
e. Key Stage Four—it includes those aged 14 to 16 and year
groups 10 – 11. It covers the statutory program of study
that must be taught to all students. Most schools include
in their core curriculum courses that lead to qualifications
in each of the five subject areas which are English, Math,
Science, Information and Communication Technology
(ICT), and Physical Education.
f. Post 16 Education—it is not mandatory. Students can
either continue education or enter the working world.
Some secondary schools go beyond the 11 – 18 mandate
to 11 – 18 and the studentmay stay there.
• The following certificates or diploma can be awarded in the
post 16 education:

a. General Certificate of Education (GCE), a level comprising

Advanced Subsidiary (AS) and A2, each of these usually
containing three assessed units.
b. Vocational Certificate of Education (VCE)- a level , dealing with
the more applied aspects of the subject; they are available in
three, six , and twelve units sizes ; they replaced the advanced
General National Vocational Qualifications (GNVQs).
c. Foundation and Intermediate GNVQare wisely used 16-19
d. Key skills qualifications at levels 1-4 of the National
Qualifications framework.
• Universities are not only concerned with the undergraduate
and postgraduate teaching.
• Needs to include reference to the Open University as a
major provider of the undergraduate and postgraduate
degrees for adults.

o Ordinary Programs in universities usually 3-yr courses.

o Honors degree programs are usually 4-yr courses
o Masters degree is usually achieved after 2 more years
study following an Ordinary or Honor degree
o Doctorate is normally awarded after several years (3 yrs
full time) of research.

• Undergraduate degrees are not permitted to place B.A

• Levels of education are similar to those in other countries.
• There are public and private colleges, schools and
universities.
• Public schools are funded by a city/state/federal
government.
• Students living in the city/state pay less tuition because
some tax money is used to subsidize the tuition.
• Private colleges and universities are supported primarily by
tuition and private contributions
• All students must pay the same tuition no matter where
they come from.
1. Pre-primary Education—type of school that provides
kindergarten, nursery schools, pre-school programmes,
child/day care centers.
-- age level is 4 – 6 years old and the duration is 2 years.
2. Primary Education (Elementary School) –
a) Grades 1 to 4 --> children are from ages 6 to 10; transitionto
Middle School.
b) Grades 1 to 5 --> children are from ages 6 to 11; transition to
Middle School.
c) Grades 1 to 6 --> children are from ages 6 to 12; transition to
Junior High School
d) Grades 1 to 7 --> children are from ages 6 to 14; transitionto
Junior High School.
3. Middle School Education—Grades 4 to 6, 5 to 7, or 6 to 8
-- age level is from 10 to 14.
-- length of the program is 3 years

4. Secondary Education (High School)—Grades 7 to 12 or 8

to 12
-- ages 12 to 18 years old.
-- HS Diploma is awarded.
-- two levels: Junior HS and Grades 7 to 8, 7 to 9, or 8 to9
-- ages 12 to 14 years old: Senior HS
Grades 9 to 12, or 10 to12
ages 14 to 18 years old.

• Duration of compulsory education is from entry of 6

o Begins at the post secondary education.
o It is a diverse and autonomous community of publicly and
privately supported institutions.
 Classification according to the following categories:
 Research Universities (I and II)
 Doctorate-granting universities (I and II)
 Master’s (Comprehensive) Universities and Colleges (I and II)
 Baccalaureate (Liberal Arts) Colleges (I and II)
 Associate of Arts Colleges
 Professional Schools & Other Specialized Institutions
 Postsecondary Vocational and Technical Schools
 Classification according to the following categories:
 Research Universities (I and II)—Comprehensive doctorate
granting institutions that have extensive theoretical and
applied research in a wide variety of programs.
 Doctorate-granting universities (I and II)—universities
offering comprehensive studies but awards Doctorate in
limited field of areas.
 Master’s (Comprehensive) Universities and Colleges (I and
II)—institutions offering academic and professional
programmes at the Bachelor’s and Master’s level but do
not award research doctorate
 Classification according to the following categories:
 Baccalaureate (Liberal Arts) Colleges (I and II)—institutions
offering Bachelor’s degrees but not higher.
 Associate of Arts Colleges (I and II)—they offer academic and
professional or occupational studies at the Associate Degree
level including Public Community Colleges and Public and
Private Junior Colleges.
 Professional School and Other Specialized Institutions—
institutions that offer only one or few related courses in the
professional or academic wit degree levels from associate to
research doctorates.
 Postsecondary Vocational and Technical Schools—Institutions
offering short non-degree training programs of less than 2
years duration, leading to certificates or diplomas in
occupational specialties.
5. Post Secondary Education—there is no real age
categories for post secondary education. Generally,
American students start college right after completing
highschool.
6. College and University Education—a college usually
has a Bachelor’s program.
-- a university may be composed of several colleges.
-- university often have graduate programs as well
-- the value of a degree is a reflection of how society views
the particular college or university.
o Classes begin in September and end in June of every year.
o Language of instruction is English.

• Vocational and Technical schools operate at either in

the HS or Junior CollegeLevels.
- Is world class, modern and
responsive.
- Combines proven, traditional
principles of education with innovation,
creativity and fresh thinking to produce
learners and citizen equipped for 21 st

century.
 Is compulsory for all children in New
Zealand from age 6 to 16.
 Children are eligible for free education if
they are new Zealand citizen or residents,
or if they qualify as domestic student.
 Average No. of students every teacher:
• 18 in primary schooling
• 15 in secondary schooling.
 Types of schools in New Zealand:
a. State-Funded
b. State Integrated
c. Private
 in basic education Key Competencies
and shared vision, principles and values.
The Core Subject include:
o English, Health and Physical
education
o Language, Mathematics, Language,
Mathematic self.
 in basic education there are Key
Competencies and shared vision, principles
and values.

The Core Subject include:

o English, Health and Physical education,
Language, Mathematic and Statistic,
Science, Social Science, Technology and
Arts.
 Secondary School may add other subjects
such as:
o Accounting,
o Art History,
o Media Studies and Specialized Science
o Language Studies.
 There are 5 competencies covered by the
national curriculum. These are:
1. Thinking
2. Using language, symbols, and texts-different
ways to communicate and understand
information.
3. Managing self-a “can-do” attitude
 There are 5 competencies covered by the
national curriculum. These are:
4. Relating to others- being able to listen, see
different points of view and share ideas.
5. Participating and contributing- big a group
member and including others.
 National Curriculum includes a vision for
young people to be confident, lifelong
earners.
 Requires the Importance of different cultures
to value:
a) Excellence (Aiming High and sticking at it)
b) Innovation, Inquiry and curiosity
(thinking, exploring and creating)
 Requires the Importance of different
cultures to value:
c) Diversity (different Culture, languages
and backgrounds)
d) Respect (for themselves, for others, for
human rights)
e) Equity (fairness and Justice)
 Requires the Importance of different
cultures to value:
f) Community and participation (talking
part)
g) Ecological sustainability (caring for the
environment)
h) Integrity (being honest and responsible)
New Zealand Levels of Education:
YEARS/
SCHOOLING LEVEL AGE
GRADES
Early Childhood Pre-School Birth-5 years
Primary Childhood Years 1-8 5-13
Intermediate School Years 7-8 11-13
Not always applicable as some primary schools
include these years
Secondary School Year 7-13 11-17 or 18
Also Known as College/High School/Grammar
School
Tertiary University or 17 onwards
Also includes Institute of Technology and Similar
Polytechnics
New Zealand Levels of Education:
o Primary School – requires all children aged six
years and over to be in schools.
o Secondary School – All students learn English,
Mathematics, Science, and Technology, Social
Studies, Arts, Physical Education and Health
Education.
o Optional Subjects (first two years) includes:
Economics, History, Geography, Electronics,
Sewing, Keyboard Skills, Drama, Journalism,
French, Japanese and Maori.
 A National Certificate in Educational Achievement
(NCAE) is the National Qualification for Secondary
School Students.
 There are three NCAE qualification: Level 1, Level 2
and Level 3.

 School day usually begins at 9:00AM to 3:00PM or

3:30PM
 School Term is divided into four terms for Primary,
Intermediate and Secondary Schools.
 The Terms are:
 Term 1 – Early February until mid-April
 Term 2 – Late April until the beginning of July
 Term 3 – Mid-July until Late September
 Term 4 – Mid-October until Mid-December

 The students have six weeks summer holiday break

and three two-week breaks between each of the
four teams.
 UNIVERSITIES IN NEW ZEALAND

 There are eight government-funded universities

in New Zealand and all have internationally
respected academic and research standards.
 University Education is open to anyone who
meets the common standard prescribed by the
New Zealand Qualification Authorities (NZQA).
 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
POLYTECHNICS
 State-owned. There are 20 polytechnic and
technology institutes in the country.
 PRIVATE TRAINING INSTITUTE AND
ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROGRAMS
 There are around 800 private education
providers in the country, offers short term English
language courses, some also offer business,
computing and design.
 K TO 12
 Consist of Kindergarten, six(6) years of Elementary, four(4)
years of Junior High School and Two(2) years of Senior
High School. Kindergarten became mandatory in SY 2012-
2013.
 The teaching in Kindergarten is built around domains:
1. Socio-Emotional Development – Children are expected to
develop emotional skills, how to relate well with other
people, and appreciate cultural diversity among the school,
community, and other people.
2. Values Development - Children are expected to show
positive attitudes, self-concept, respect, concern for self and
others, behave appropriately in various situations and
places, manifest love of God, country, and fellowmen.

3. Physical Health & Motor Development - Children are

expected to develop both their fine and gross motor skills to
be efficient and effective movers when engaging in
wholesome physical and health activities. They are also
expected to acquire an understanding of good health habits
and how they can prevent danger at home, in school, and in
public places.
4. Aesthetic/Creative Development - Children are expected
to develop their aesthetic sense and creative expression
through drawing, painting, and manipulative activities.
5. Mathematics – Children are expected to understand and
demonstrate knowledge, thinking skills, and insights into patterns
of mathematics, concepts of numbers, length, capacity, mass, and
time.
6. Understanding of the Physical and Natural Environment -
Children are expected to demonstrate a basic understanding of
concepts pertaining to living and nonliving things, including
weather, and use these in categorizing things in his/her
environment.
7. Language, Literacy, and Communication - This domain
provides opportunities on early literacy learning for self-
expression through language using the mother tongue or the
child’s first language. Develop Communication Skills.

 From Grades 1 to 10, the subjects taught are:

 Languages (Mother Tongue, Filipino, English)
 Math, Science, Social Studies, Technology and
Livelihood Education (TLE) and Music, Arts,
Physical Education and Health (MAPEH).
 Mother tongue is used as the medium of
instruction from Kindergarten to Grade 3.
 Grade 11 and 12 is on career path of his/her choice.
 These career path come in 3 tracks:
 Academic
 Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL)
 Sports and Arts
 College bound choose the academic track.
 Elementary Education is concerned with the learners Mastery
Of basic skills and Competency.

 Secondary Education is geared towards the consolidation of

these knowledge and skills mastered at elementary level.
 K TO 12 BASIC EDUCATION PROGRAM
LEVEL OF SCHOOLING AGE (Years) DESCRIPTION
Kindergarten 5 PRE-ELEMENTARY
Grade 1 6
Grade 2 7
Grade 3 8 ELEMENTARY (6
Grade 4 9 YEARS)
Grade 5 10
Grade 6 11
Grade 7 12
Grade 8 13 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Grade 9 14 (4 YEARS)
Grade 10 15
Grade 11 16 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Grade 12 17 (2 YEARS)
 Students who graduate in high school may proceed to
colleges, universities or technical vocational institutes.
 Higher Education is supervised by a government agency
called the Commission on Higher Education or CHED.
 Most of the college degree programs require passing a
licensure examination for the specific profession, like:
 Nursing, Dentistry, Medical Technology, Engineering,
Medicine and Teaching. The examinations are given
by the PRC. While the Law, is given by the Supreme
Court.
Thank you 