CITING SOURCES

PURPOSE FOR CITING SOURCES

 To give credit to the original author of a

work
 To promote scholarly writing
 To help your target audience identify
your original source
 Forms of Citation

 In-text Citation -requires the writer

to cite the details of the reference used
in a certain part of his/her essay. The
format of in-text citation vary per style.
 Forms of Citation

 Reference Citation – refers to the

complete bibliographic entries of all
references used by the writer. Appears in the
reference list found at the last part of the
paper.
NOTE: These two forms of citation are
dependent with each other. Once a source is
cited in text it should also appear in the
reference list.
 STYLE GUIDES

 The Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association (APA)
 The Modern Language Association Style Guide
(MLA)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE)
 American Medical Association Manual of Style
(AMA)
 The Chicago Manual of Style
 STYLE
GUIDES
DISCIPLINE
Psychology, Education, Hotel and Restaurant
APA Management, Business, Economics, and other
Social Sciences
Literature, Arts, and Humanities
MLA

Engineering
IEEE

Medicine, Health Sciences, and other Natural

AMA Sciences

Reference Books, Non-academic Periodicals

CHICAGO (e.g. newspapers, magazines journals, among
others)
 Guidelines in In-Text Citation (APA)
According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is required for
For a Work business student majors.
with One APA style is required for business student majors (Sipacio,
Author 2014).
According to Sipacio and Barrot (2014), APA style is
For a Work required for business student majors.
with Two APA style is required for Business student majors (Sipacio &
Authors Barrot, 2014).

According to Sipacio and Barrot, and Sanchez (2014), the

APA style is appropriate for the fields of nursing and
education.
For a Work with
Three to Five
Sipacio et al. states that in general, the social sciences
Authors employ this citation style (2014).
In general, the social sciences employ this citation style
(Sipacio et al., 2014).
 Guidelines in In-Text Citation (APA)

Direct Quotations
When you use a direct quote with less than 40
words, you are required to include the page
number(s) enclosed in parenthesis. The page
number must be preceded by ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ for
multiple pages. Check the examples focusing on
the variety of formats and the use of capitalization,
parentheses, quotation marks, period, spacing, and
numbers.
 Guidelines in In-Text Citation (APA)

Direct Quotations
1. Sipacio (2014) claimed that “beginners found the
APA style guide too complex” (p. 56).
2. According to Sipacio (2014) “beginners found the
APA style guide too complex” (p. 56).
3. He claimed that “beginners found the APA style
guide too complex” (Sipacio, 2014, p. 56) because
of several factors.
 Guidelines in In-Text Citation (APA)

When you use a direct quote with 40 words

or more, you are still required to include the
page number/s. Start your quotation in a
new line with a ½ indentation on the left
margin. There is no need to enclose long
quotations in quotation marks, but the
parenthetical citation should be placed after
the period.
 Guidelines in In-Text Citation (APA)

Direct Quotation
In his article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income,
Assets, and Access”, Scheliz (2005) suggests a list of
causes of poverty.
(1) low to moderate economic growth for the
past 40 years;(2) low growth elasticity of poverty
reduction; (3) weakness in employment geneation and
the wuality of jobs generated; (4) failure to full develop
the agriculture sector. (p. 2)
 Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)

 Place the reference list on a new page separate from

the text of your writing; label this page “References”
and align it at the center at the top of the page. Do
not use bold face, underline, or quotation marks for
the title.
 Apply hanging indentation. This simply means the
lines following the first line in an entry should be
indented from the left margin.
 All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of
the paper.
 Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)

 Follow this sequence in writing the names of the

author: Last name, First name Initial. Middle Initial.
 Arrange the references in alphabetical order based
on the last names of the authors.
 Do not cut or add the titles.
 Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a
title, the first letter of the first word of its subtitle
after a colon, and the proper nouns.
 Italicize the titles. When the article title is used,
italicize only the journal title.
 Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)

 For online sources, make sure to remove the

hyperlink of the URL.
 For print sources, place a period at the end of the
entry.
 Put “n.d.” (no date) for sources with no date.
 Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)

 Single Author
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work:
Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

 Two Authors
Author, A. A., & Author, B. (2009). (Year of
publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for
subtitle. Location: Publisher.
 Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)

 Multiple Authors (More than Seven Authors)

Author, A. A., et al. (Year of Publication). Title of
work. Location: Publisher.
 Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)

 Article in Journal Paginated by Volume

Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page
one in issue one, and continue numbering issue two
where issue one ended, etc.

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing

psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative
and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
 Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)

 Article in Journal Paginated by Issue

Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every
issue; therefore, the issue number gets indicated in
parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and
issue number are not italicized or underlined.

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New

Criterion, 15(3), 5-13.
 Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)

 Article in a Magazine
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in
today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
 Article in a Newspaper
Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page
numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style.
Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages take
pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4 or pp. C1, C3-C4.
Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to
strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today,
pp. 1A, 2A.
 Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)

 Personal Communication
Personal Communication or interview should not
appear in the reference list.

S. Tabiola (personal communication, November 30,

2014)
 Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)

 Same author in the same year

If you are using more than one reference by the same
author (or the same group of authors listed in the same
order) published in the same year, organize them in the
reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or
chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year. Refer to
these sources in your essay as they appear in your
reference list, e.g.: "Berdnt (1981a) makes similar claims...“

Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time

in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends.
Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.
Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial
intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-
643.
 Guidelines in Reference Citation (APA)

 Dissertation, Published
Lastname, F. N. (Year). Title of dissertation (Doctoral
dissertation). Retrieved from Name of database.
(Accession or Order Number)
 Dissertation, Unpublished
Lastname, F. N. (Year). Title of
dissertation (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).
Name of Institution, Location.