CSC103: Introduction to Computer

and Programming
Lecture No 9

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 Previous Lecture
• Nested if else statement
• Logical operator in C
• How logical operator can be used to make
compound conditions
• Conditional operator

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 Today’s lecture outline
• Nested conditional operator
• Example programs –
– nested if-else
– nested conditional operator
• Loops
– while loop

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 Data Types
• data type or simply type is a classification
of data which tells the compiler or interpreter how the
programmer intends to use the data.

• C++ data can be classified into three categories:

– Simple data type

– Structured data type

– Pointers

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 Simple Data Types
• Three categories of simple data

– Integral: integers (numbers without a

decimal)

– Floating-point: decimal numbers

– Enumeration type: user-defined data type

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6
 int Data Type
• Examples:
-6728
0
78
• Positive integers do not have to have a + sign
in front of them
• No commas are used within an integer
• Commas are used for separating items in a list

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 bool Data Type
• bool type

– Has two values, true and false

– Manipulate logical (Boolean) expressions

• true and false are called logical values

• bool, true, and false are reserved words

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 char Data Type

• The smallest integral data type

• Used for characters: letters, digits, and special
symbols
• Each character is enclosed in single quotes
• Some of the values belonging to char data type
are: 'A', 'a', '0', '*', '+', '$', '&'
• A blank space is a character and is written ' ',
with a space left between the single quotes
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 Floating-Point Data Types
• C++ uses scientific notation to represent real
numbers (floating-point notation)

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Floating-Point Data Types (continued)
• float: represents any real number
– Range: -3.4E+38 to 3.4E+38
• Memory allocated for the float type is 4
bytes
• double: represents any real number
– Range: -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+308
• Memory allocated for double type is 8 bytes
• On most newer compilers, data types
double and long double are same

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 Nested conditional operator
(expression 1 ? expression 2 : expression 3);

Single
condition or (expression 1 ? expression 2 : expression 3);
compound
condition

(expression 1 ? expression 2 : expression 3);

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Example program
main( )
{
float sal ;
cout<<"Enter the salary" ;
cin>> "%f", &sal ) ;
if ( sal < 40000 && sal > 25000 )
cout<< "Manager" ;
else
if ( sal < 25000 && sal > 15000 )
cout<< "Accountant" ;
else
cout<< "Clerk" ;
}
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 Cont.
main( )
{
float sal ;
cout<<"Enter the salary" ;
cin>> "%f", &sal ;
( (sal < 40000 && sal > 25000) ? cout<< "Manager" :
(( sal < 25000 && sal > 15000 ) ? cout<< "Accountant" :
cout<< "Clerk" ));
}

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 Example program 1
• Three numbers x, y, z are input through the
keyboard, write a program to determine the
smallest of the three.
Write a program

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 Example program 2
• Any character is entered through the
keyboard, write a program to determine
whether the character entered is a capital
letter, a small case letter, a digit or a special
symbol. Write a program

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 Loops in C
• Three major loops structures in C
– while loop
– for loop
– do while

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 Loop in general
• Loop has a termination point  finite loop
– Loop execution stops when the loop
condition becomes false
• Loop has a counter that counts number of
iterations of that loop
• Loop has a statement or a set of statements
that are executed until the loop condition
become false

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 Repetition - Example
• Formula 1 car race
• There is a path/track
• Each car has to complete a
certain no of rounds say 10
• In each round, when a car cross
the finish line
– the condition is check whether
the car has completed total no
of round or not.

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General form while loop

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 The while loop

Condition

Set of
statements Loop counter

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 A while loop program
main( )
{ Memory
int count = 0;
int total = 0; count 2
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05
1
while(count < 5)
{ total 103
1
0
6
total = total + count;
printf(“count =%d, total = %d”, count, total);
count = count +1;
}
}
Program Output
count = 0, total = 0
count = 1, total = 1
count = 2, total = 3
count = 3, total = 6
count = 4, total = 10 22
 Points to remember
• Loop body will keep on executing until the
loop condition become false
• When loop condition become false, the first
statement after the while block will be
executed
• Condition can be a single or compound

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 Cont.
• Statement within loop body can be single line
or block of statement.
• In case of single line parentheses are optional

• In case of block, parentheses are must

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 Cont..
• A loop can be infinite loop

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 Cont.
• Loop counter can be decremented

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 Cont.
• It is not necessary that a loop counter must
only be int. it can be float or char

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 Pre and post increment operator
• Pre increment/ decrement
– ++x; is same as x = x + 1;
– or – –x is same as x = x – 1;
• Post increment/ decrement
– x++; is same as x = x + 1;
– or x-- is same as x = x – 1;

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Difference between pre and post operators
x = 1;
y = x;
y = x ++;
x = x + 1;
printf(“x = %d, y = %d ”, x, y);

output
x = 2, y = 1

x = 1; x = x + 1;
y = ++ x; y = x;
printf(x = %d, y = %d ”, x, y);

output
x = 2, y = 2 Write a program

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 Other operator

i = i + 1;
• += is a compound assignment operator
• j = j + 10 can also be written as j += 10
• Other compound assignment operators are -=, *=, / =, %=.

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Example program
First comparison i < 10 is
performed then value of
i is incremented

First the value of i is

incremented then
comparison i < 10 is
performed

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