Multivariable Calculus

Lecture 10

Dr. Muhammad Arif Hussain

 Topics to be covered:

Curl, Divergence

Green’s Theorem
FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION Example 4

a. If F(x, y) = (3 + 2xy) i + (x2 – 3y2) j,

find a function f such that F  f .

b. Evaluate the line integral

C
F  dr ,
where C is the curve given by
r(t) = et sin t i + et cos t j , 0≤ t ≤ π

4b
FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION

There exists a function f with f  F

,

fx(x, y) = 3 + 2xy --------(7)

fy(x, y) = x2 – 3y2 --------(8)

FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION

f (x, y) = 3x + x2y + g(y) --------(9)

 Notice that the constant of integration is

a constant with respect to x, that is, a function
of y, which we have called g(y).
FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION

Next, we differentiate both sides

of Equation 9 with respect to y:

fy(x, y) = x2 + g’(y) ------(10)

FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION Example 4

Comparing Equations 8 and 10,

we see that:
g’(y) = –3y2

 Integrating with respect to y,

we have:
g(y) = –y3 + K

where K is a constant.
FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION Example

Putting this in Equation 9,

we have
f(x, y) = 3x + x2y – y3 + K

as the desired potential function.

FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION Example 4 b

To use Theorem 2, all we have to know

are the initial and terminal points of C,
namely,
r(0) = (0, 1)

r(π) = (0, –eπ)

FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION Example 4 b

Then, we have:

 F  dr   f  dr  f  0,  e

  f  0,1
C C

 e   1  e  1
3 3
FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION Example 5

If
F(x, y, z) = y2 i + (2xy + e3z) j + 3ye3z k

find a function f such that f  F .

FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION

If there is such a function f,

then
fx(x, y, z) = y2 (11)

fy(x, y, z) = 2xy + e3z (12)

fz(x, y, z) =3ye3z (13)

FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION

Integrating Equation 11 with respect to x,

we get:
f(x, y, z) = xy2 + g(y, z) (14)

where g(y, z) is a constant

with respect to x.
FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION Example 5

Then, differentiating Equation 14 with

respect to y, we have:

fy(x, y, z) = 2xy + gy(y, z)

 Comparison with Equation 12

gives:
gy(y, z) = e3z
FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION Example 5

Thus,
g(y, z) = ye3z + h(z)

 So, we rewrite Equation 14 as:

f(x, y, z) = xy2 + ye3z + h(z)

FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION Example 5

Finally, differentiating with respect to z

and comparing with Equation 13,
we obtain:
h’(z) = 0

 Therefore, h(z) = K, a constant.

FINDING POTENTIAL FUNCTION Example 5

The desired function is:

f(x, y, z) = xy2 + ye3z + K

 It is easily verified that f  F.

GREEN’S THEOREM
INTRODUCTION

Green’s Theorem gives the relationship

between a line integral around a simple closed
curve C and a double integral over the plane
region D bounded by C.

 We assume that D
consists of all points
inside C as well as
all points on C.
GREEN’S THEOREM

Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise-

smooth, simple closed curve in the plane
and let D be the region bounded by C.

 If P and Q have continuous partial derivatives

on an open region that contains D, then

 Q P 
C P dx  Q dy  D  x  y  dA